JOANA D'ARC

I want to say certainly that in life we can really have a great relationship with God perhaps and that God always manifests to us about a power to value life and that there is a dominion between the forces of good and the forces of evil that by the origin of life not everything you see can be fatally reality because we only experience everything with love and we can be aware of a religious formation that by a simple reaction or birth maybe we were led to certain relationships with saints, angels and archangels that for the love of god that illuminates us we can reveal ourselves about a clearer side of living that is about a clairvoyance of making us happen such functions in which we reveal ourselves with the holy faith about almost all the distortions of life that certainly I believe that we can feel happy and that our hearts when we are born loving and we have the high spiritual degree of elevation we can reveal ourselves with the angels and saints who always make us understand better the aspects of living and who can guide us on all reactions and revelations of life.

I want to talk here about a beautiful and beautiful young woman called Joan of Arc who was a French peasant and saint canonized by the Catholic Church, considered a heroine of France for her deeds during the Hundred Years' War. Born the daughter of Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée , into a peasant family, in Domrémy in northeastern France. Joan claimed to receive divine visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine, who instructed her to help Charles VII's forces and free France from England's rule.

Maybe we are finally born with a gift for living happily and that we can save on such capacities and childhood power if it suits you the problems of society that I think are many that only God can consequently destroy them because life can be and have a higher purpose of survival for everything and everyone and I believe that not everything in life is done our will because God wanted to make the living being an artifact of divinity that conceives him, above all, his unforgettable teaching love over all things from paradise that would perhaps not always be used for evil because nature is dispensable in terms of the monotony of a being and in terms of natural life which is said to be preserved in a duel with life and is not favored by all things in life because in everything and through everything itself contracts and ends both in its birth and in its destruction, remaining like the birth of the universe that destroys itself as it builds itself and we can understand that perhaps certain angers did not conceive us the power of destruction in the name of glory and peace because maybe the world can be an artifact of contamination that can end with the clearest side of life that is shown as the fire of God over any anger and combat because I believe that not all things are at mercy against a rotten of devaluation because in everything the good is always dressed and seeing the whiter world that makes you just keep ahead of almost everything and we can believe in the more prudent justice of God over uncertain things and that war can tell us that maybe it is a product of peace and that God taught us to know the world better and made us face certain things that should never make us ignore our side of conscience because life is perhaps a destructive factor against certain things that emanate from such thoughts of construction and that God may have taught as a gift to foresee life how much Joan of Arc preserved from her childhood her chastity that made her become a young woman sanctified by the love of God that she always carried in the silence of her life as a security to live and that perhaps put him to fight against different armies that could have contradicted his blessed and spiritual side that was conceived innately over all things that would not offer him the mortal sin of killing and destroying because nothing would be able to absorb his personality against the power of evil that could have been used with good resembling the victorious things that from his most holy faith evil conceived him failure over perdition that among the madness dignified by revenge everything could have been contradicted and made his life hell due to perhaps the mortal sin that, due to the devil's temptation, all his grace and faith became nothing, certainly causing him death, which proposed a dramatic, melancholic and unbridled end to him, which sold him his luck against God who always protected him and guided him with certain angels and saints that perhaps could have a well-defined origin when it all started in her childhood that made her hear several voices that seemed to be an emanation of high faith and contact with saints that not even one has an idea that Joan of Arc was had devotion and mirages about her personality from her early childhood to her adolescence that made her fight and command large armies in command to defend France and against the English and Joan of Arc was a peasant who fought against the English during the War of the Hundred Years. Since childhood she claimed to have divine visions and it was through these visions that she received the order to participate in the French army. Joan of Arc managed to defeat the English in the Orleans region.

Joan of Arc claimed that she had visions and heard the voices of the Archangel Michael, Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Saint Margaret of Antioch . In these supernatural apparitions, she was told to take part in the war against the English to drive them out of France and to secure the coronation of Charles VII, King of France.

The Battle of Jargeau was the first offensive battle commanded by Joan of Arc, and took place on June 11 and 12, 1429, a milestone in the Hundred Years' War. Shortly after liberating Orléans, French troops made their way to the Loire River valley, near the town of Jargeau.

Joan of Arc in the Hundred Years' War. She won significant victories for France, breaking a cycle of defeats for that country. Captured by the English, she was tried and convicted of witchcraft, being killed at the stake at the age of 19.

Perhaps we can understand that resistance is not a victorious purpose of preserving under such conditions of living a true dominion over all things that everything can be the target of a contradiction in which God conceives us honor and glory over a very simple lesson in face life and live because above all such things cannot favor us true grace due perhaps to certain injuries that can incapacitate us between our truths and conceptions of living that make us deserve or make us innocent, simply by actions related by a factor of hate, where revenge conceived us free will over a penalty of establishing dominion over everything and everyone that we could only have emptied the contagious emotions that afflict in any temptation of voices that could be attributed to a certain mental disorder or obsession of certain evil spirits that, due to inconvenience or perhaps more serious things that we can say that are not of human nature, can infect us and make us suffer under such mental influences that in everything and for everything it caused death and obscured faith in God that it is said that innocence is not silent unless we are aware of the truth and can say that life is a momentary cause to develop to a certain degree over a mind that feels and can see something surprising the true established dynamic of living and we can we are well aware of what we do because life is a processor that limits us about such circumstances of living because life has a price and in it one pays when justice is truly destined regarding the clairvoyance of life or about the shadows of death because nothing he remains silent because only I want to say that everything began perhaps as a spiritual emanation that could have given him a deeper feeling of living and that we only justified his mistakes and deeply we certainly could not have seen any act or supernatural effect that could prevent us from doing so. evil happened that perhaps would silence justice that may have known or unknown its history that reveals to us a great anger and revenge that certainly can be fair or unfair the simplicity and humanitarian recognition of prescribing its mirages and voices that we can here be ahead of a penalty that perhaps it would not be up to us to conceive of death and simply a treatise that, due to the momentary nature of life, everything is contracted in which we can really guess from certain spiritual projections a true testament and more clinical observation to such an event that could be of human nature or simply spiritual in which today this story can tell us that we may be living a more challenging conflict in which life propagates us exaggeratedly about what we do and not what we feel and that we can believe in god or the devil, however momentary the life we live we get to talk to saints or the devil and that society is always weakened because everything is uncontested and inconceivable the fearless real laws of living in here I tell the true story of Joan of Arc .

I want here out of a simple desire to show, with much love and hard work, a great and extraordinary biography that tells the story of a beautiful girl called Joan of Arc . Hugs!

History :

Joan of Arc 1412 – May 30, 1431) was a French peasant and saint canonized by the Catholic Church, considered a heroine of France for her deeds during the Hundred Years' War. Born the daughter of Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée , into a peasant family, in Domrémy in northeastern France. Joan claimed to receive divine visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine, who instructed her to help Charles VII's forces and free France from England's rule. The uncrowned Charles VII sent Joan along with an army to try to resolve the Siege of Orléans. After just nine days of action, the battle ended in favor of the French and Orleans was liberated, thus raising Joan's reputation as a national heroine in the eyes of the French people. A series of military victories followed for Charles VII's forces, which allowed his coronation as king in Reims Cathedral. As a result, the morale of the French population improved and the tide of the Hundred Years' War began to turn in favor of the French.

After the failed Siege of Paris, however, Joan's popularity among the French nobility plummeted. On 23 May 1430, she was captured at Compiègne by the Burgundians, a group of Frenchmen who supported the English. They delivered her into the hands of the government of England, who placed her judgment in the hands of Bishop Pierre Cauchon , throwing against her various accusations of a religious nature. Cauchon found her guilty and she was sentenced to death by burning. Joan was executed on May 30, 1431, at the age of 19. Her death, however, elevated her to martyr status and increased French patriotic fervor against the British.

In 1456, an inquisitorial court was authorized by Pope Callistus III to examine her trial, scrutinizing her accusations and proclaiming her innocence, formally declaring Joan a martyr of the church. In the 16th century she was used as a symbol by the Catholic League against Protestants, and in 1803 Joan was officially declared a national symbol of France by decision of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. She was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920 by the Vatican.

Joan of Arc is currently one of the nine patron saints of France. She remains a popular figure at home and around the world, being depicted in countless pieces of literature, paintings, sculptures and other forms of art, and being a central figure in the work of many famous writers, artists, filmmakers and composers.

First years

Joan was born in Domrémy , in a small village in the Meuse valley region of the Lorraine region of eastern France. Later the town was renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle in her honor ( pucelle being translated as "maiden" in Portuguese). The date of his birth is inaccurate; according to her interrogation on February 24, 1431, Joana would have said that at the time she was 19 years old, therefore she would probably have been born in 1412 (the correct age of Joana is not known since at that time they did not care about the exact age, so the The correct term to use would be "more or less". Joana once declared that, when asked about her age, "I'm 19 years old, more or less").

Daughter of Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée , she had four more brothers: Jacques, Catherine, Jean and Pierre, she being the youngest of the brothers. His parents were farmers and occasionally artisans. Joana was also very religious, went to church a lot and often ran away from the countryside to go and pray in her town's church.

Painting of the apparition of Saint Michael the Archangel and Saint Catherine of Alexandria to the young Joan of Arc

At her trial, Joana claimed that since the age of thirteen she had heard divine voices. According to her, the first time she heard the voice, it came from the direction of the church and was accompanied by clarity and a feeling of fear. He said that sometimes he didn't understand her very well and that he listened to them two or three times a week. Among the messages she understood were advice to attend church, that she should go to Paris and that she should lift the dominion that existed in the city of Orléans. Later she would identify the voices as those of the archangel Saint Michael, Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Saint Margaret of Antioch .

The Hundred Years' War

Since the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, took over England in 1066, English monarchs have come to control extensive lands in French territory. Over time, they came to have several French duchies: Aquitaine, Gascony , Poitou, Normandy, among others. The dukes, despite being vassals of the French king, ended up becoming his rivals.

When France tried to recover the territories lost to England, one of the longest and bloodiest conflicts in human history began: the Hundred Years' War, which actually lasted 116 years, and which caused millions of deaths and the destruction of almost all of northern France.

The beginning of the war took place in 1337. The more than evident interests of unifying the crowns materialized in the death of the French king Charles IV in 1328. Philip VI, successor thanks to the Salic law (Charles IV had no male descendants), proclaimed himself King of France on May 27, 1328.

In 1337, Felipe VI claimed the fief of Gascony from the English king Edward III, and on November 1 he responded by standing at the gates of Paris through the Bishop of Lincoln, declaring that he was the right candidate to occupy the French throne.

England would win battles such as Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356). A serious illness of the French king led to a struggle for power between his cousin John I of Burgundy or John without Fear, and Charles VI's brother, Louis of Orléans.

On November 23, 1407, in the streets of Paris and by order of the Burgundians, the murder of Armagnac Louis of Orléans is committed. The French royal family was divided between those who supported the Duke of Burgundy (Burguinons) and those who supported the Duke of Orléans and later Charles VII, Dauphin of France ( Armagnacs linked to the cause of Orléans and the death of Louis). With the murder of Armagnac , both sides faced off in a civil war, where they sought the support of the English. Supporters of the Duke of Orléans, in 1414, saw a proposal rejected by the English, who finally made a pact with the Burgundians.

With the death of Charles VI, in 1422, Henry VI of England was crowned French king, but the Armagnacs did not give up and remained faithful to the king's son, Charles VII, also crowning him in 1422.

meeting with carlos

Joan recognizes King Charles VII at Chinon

At the age of 16, Joan went to Vaucouleurs , a town close to Domrèmy . He resorted to Robert de Baudricourt , captain of the Armagnac garrison , established in Vaucouleurs , to give him an escort to Chinon , where the dauphin was, since he would have to cross all the hostile territory defended by the English and Burgundians . Almost a year later, Baudricourt agreed to send her escorted to the dauphin. The escort began on approximately February 13, 1429. Among the six men who accompanied her were Poulengy and Jean Nouillompont (known as Jean de Metz). Jean was present at all of Joan of Arc's later battles.

Wearing men's clothing until her death, Joan crossed the lands dominated by Burgundians (a French duchy sympathetic to the English), arriving at Chinon , where she would finally meet Charles, after presenting a letter sent by Baudricourt .

Arriving at Chinon , Joana already enjoyed great popularity, but the dauphin still had misgivings about the girl. They decided to put her through some tests. According to legend, afraid of presenting the dauphin to an unknown person who might kill him, they decided to hide Carlos in a room full of nobles when they received it. Joan would then have recognized the king disguised among the nobles without having ever seen him before. Joan would have gone to the true king, bowed and said, "Lord, I have come to lead your armies to victory." The meeting between her and Carlos would have taken place between February and March 1429, and at the time Joan was around 17 years old.

Alone in the presence of the king, she convinced him to give her an army with the intention of liberating Orléans. However, the king still made her undergo trials before royal theologians. The ecclesiastical authorities in Poitiers subjected her to an interrogation, ascertained her virginity and her intentions. Convinced of Joana's speech, the Dauphin gives her a sword and a standard and authorizes her to accompany the French troops who are heading towards the liberation of the city of Orléans, which had been invaded and besieged by the English for eight months.

military campaigns

Romantic painting of Joan of Arc at the Battle of Orléans

Armed with a white flag, Joan arrives in Orléans on April 29, 1429. Her level of participation in campaigns or in command decisions is a matter of debate among historians. According to reports from French officers at the time, Joan would not have fought personally, but had stayed very close to where the battle was taking place, encouraging the men. She also sat on the war councils of the generals, who often listened to what she had to say (possibly believing that her instructions were divine in origin). Under her banner, the 4,000-man army defeated the English in battle and broke the siege of Orléans on May 8, 1429. Joan's presence is credited with being instrumental in the victory, giving courage and strength to the soldiers. The French had been pressing Orléans for almost eight months and could not overcome the English defenses. However, with Joana at his side, the religious and patriotic fervor rekindled in the troops and led them to victory.

There are parallel stories to this one that inform that the figure of Joana was different. She would have arrived for battle on a white horse, in steel armor and holding a banner with the cross of Christ, circumscribed with the names of Jesus and Mary. According to this other version, Joana would have just been dragged along by the supernatural fascination of her dreams and proposal of a mission to be accomplished according to the divine will and, without knowing anything about the art of war, she commanded the rude soldiers, with an angelic air and, in her presence, no one cared. dared to say or practice inconvenience. She was extremely disciplined.

After the victory at Orléans, the English thought that the French would try to reconquer Paris or Normandy, but instead, Joan convinced the Dauphin to start a campaign along the Loire River. This was Joana's strategy to lead the Dauphin to the city of Rouen.

Joan made her way to several fortified points on bridges along the Loire River. On June 11 and 12, 1429, he took part in the French victory at the Battle of Jargeau . On the 15th of June, it was the turn of the Battle of Meung - sur -Loire to be fought. The third victory was at Beaugency , on the 16th and 17th of June of the same year. The day after his last victory, he went to Patay , where he had little participation. The fighting in the region, the only open field battle, was already taking place without the presence of Joan of Arc.

coronation of carlos

Coronation of Charles VII

About a month after her victory over the English at Orléans, she led the Dauphin Charles VII to the city of Reims, where he was crowned King of France on 17 July 1429. Joan of Arc's victory and the king's coronation were over. for rekindling the hopes of the French to break free from English rule and represented the turning point of the war.

The road to Reims was considered difficult, as several cities were under the rule of the Burgundians. However, Joan's fame had spread over much of the territory and made the dauphin's Armagnac army feared. Thus, Joan passed without problems through successive cities such as Gien , Saint Fargeau , Mézilles , Auxerre , Saint Florentin and Saint Paul.

Since Gien , invitations have been sent to various authorities to attend the consecration of the dauphin. In Auxerre, resistance was thought of by a small enemy force that was in the city. After three days of negotiation it was possible to pass there without any problem. The same thing happened in Troyes , where the negotiations lasted five days. Arrival in Reims was on 16 July.

It is known that the day of the definitive consecration of the French king in the Cathedral of Reims was on July 17th and it was not the most splendid ceremony at the time, since the circumstances of the war prevented it from being. Joana watched the consecration from a privileged position, accompanied by her banner.

Paris

Statue of Joan of Arc at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris

In theory Joana no longer had anything to do in the army, since she had fulfilled her promise perfectly and had correctly followed the orders that, according to her, the voices had given her. But Joan, like many others, saw that while the city of Paris was taken by English troops, the new king could hardly have clear control of the Kingdom of France.

On the same day of the coronation, emissaries from the Duke of Burgundy arrived and negotiations began to reach peace, or a truce, which was finally what was agreed upon. It was not the peace that Joana wanted, but at least it lasted for a fortnight. However, the truce was not gratuitous, since there were political interests behind it. Charles VII needed to take Paris to exercise his authority as king but he didn't want to create a bad image with a violent conquest of lands that would become his domain. It was this that motivated him to sign the truce with the Duke of Burgundy, as a need to gain time.

During the truce, Charles VII led his army to Île -de-France (French region home to Paris). There were some skirmishes between the Armagnacs and the English alliance with the Burgundians. The English left Paris, heading for Rouen (or Rouen in French). It then remained to defeat the Burgundians who still remained in Paris and neighboring regions.

Joan was wounded by an arrow during an attempt to enter Paris. This accelerated the king's decision to retreat on September 10, 1429. With the stop, the French king did not express his intention to abandon the fight definitively, but chose to rethink his strategy and defend the option of winning victory through peace, treaties and other opportunities in the future.

The End of Joan of Arc

the catch

In the spring of 1430, Joan of Arc resumed the military campaign and went on to try to liberate the city of Compiègne . During an attack on the Margny countryside , controlled by the Burgundians, French allies of the English, Joan was arrested on May 23, 1430. Between the 23rd and 27th, she was taken to the castle of Beaulieu-lès-Fontaines . Joana was interviewed between the 27th and 28th by the Duke of Burgundy himself, Philip III. At that time Joan was owned by the Duke of Luxembourg. She was taken to Beaurevoir Castle , where she remained all summer while the Duke of Luxembourg negotiated her sale. By selling it to the English, Joan was transferred to Rouen.

The process in Rouen

Historical painting by Paul Delaroche showing Cardinal Henry Beaufort interrogating Joan of Arc in prison

Joana was imprisoned in a dark cell guarded by five men. In contrast to the good treatment she had received in her first prison, Joana was now living her worst times.

The proceedings against Joan began on 9 January 1431, headed by the Bishop of Beauvais , Pierre Cauchon . It was a process that would pass on to posterity and that would convert Joana into a national heroine, due to the way in which it developed and brought the end of the young woman, and of the legend that even today mixes reality with fantasy.

Ten sessions were held without the presence of the accused, with only the presentation of evidence, which resulted in the accusation of heresy and murder.

On February 21, Joana was heard for the first time. At first she refused to take the oath of truth, but soon she did. Joana was questioned about the voices she heard, about the militant church, about her male attire. On the 27th and 28th of March, Thomas de Courcelles read the 70 articles of Joan's accusation, which were later reduced to 12, more precisely on the 5th of April. These articles supported the formal charge for the Maiden seeking her conviction.

On the same day, the 5th, Joana began to lose her health due to the ingestion of poisonous food that made her vomit. This alerted Cauchon and the English, who brought him a doctor. They wanted to keep her alive, especially the English, because they planned to execute her.

During the doctor's visit, Jean d' Estet accused Joan of having consciously ingested the poisoned food to commit suicide. On April 18, when she finally found herself in danger of death, she asked to confess.

The English grew impatient with the delay in the trial. The Earl of Warwick told Cauchon that the process was taking too long. Even Joan's first owner, Jean of Luxemburg, presented himself to Joan with the proposal to pay for her freedom if she promised not to attack the English anymore. From the 23rd of May, things accelerated, and on the 29th of May, she was convicted of heresy.

Death

Joan of Arc being burned alive

Joan was burned alive on May 30, 1431, aged just nineteen. The execution ceremony took place in the Old Market Square ( Place du old Marché ), at 9 am in Rouen.

Before the execution she confessed to Jean Totmouille and Martin Ladvenu , who administered the sacraments of Communion to her. She entered, dressed in white, into the square full of people, and was placed on the platform set up for her execution. After their verdict was read, Joan was burned alive. His ashes were thrown into the Seine River so that they would not become objects of public veneration.

After the death of Joan of Arc

The review of her process began in 1456, when she was considered innocent by Pope Callistus III, and the process that condemned her was considered invalid, and in 1909 the Catholic Church authorized her beatification. In 1920, Joan of Arc is canonized by Pope Benedict XV.

Another version reports that twenty years after her condemnation to the stake, Joan of Arc's mother asked the Pope of the time, Callistus III, to authorize a commission that, in a serene and profound investigation, recognized the nullity of the process for vice of form and content. Joan of Arc in this way had her honor rehabilitated, and the name sorceress and witch was erased so that she would be recognized for her heroic virtues, coming from a divine mission.

She was proclaimed Martyr for the Fatherland and the Faith.

Santa Joana is syncretized in Afro-Brazilian religions with the orixá Obá.

Legacy

An engraving of Joan of Arc from 1903

Joan of Arc became a semi-legendary figure in the four centuries after her death. The main sources of information about her were chronicles. Five original manuscripts of his sentencing trial surfaced in old archives during the 19th century. Soon, historians also located the complete records of his rehabilitation trial, which contained sworn testimony from 115 witnesses, and the original French notes of the Latin transcript of the sentencing trial. Several contemporary letters have also surfaced, three of which bear the signature Jehanne in the unsteady hand of a person learning to write. This unusual wealth of primary source material is one of the reasons why DeVries declares, "No person from the Middle Ages, male or female, has been the subject of more study."

Joan of Arc came from an obscure village and rose to prominence as a teenager, and did so as an uneducated peasant girl. French and English kings justified the ongoing war through competing interpretations of inheritance law, first regarding Edward III's claim to the French throne and later that of Henry VI. The conflict had been a legalistic dispute between two related royal families, but Joan turned it along religious lines and made sense of features such as that of the squire Jean of Metz when she asked: "The king must be expelled from the kingdom; and are we to be English? ". In the words of Stephen Richey , "she turned what had been a dry dynastic dispute that left the common people indifferent except for their own suffering into a passionately popular war of national liberation". Richey also expresses the breadth of his subsequent appeal:

Statue of Joan of Arc at Orléans, by Denis Foyatier , 1855

The people who hounded her in the five centuries since her death have tried to make it all: fanatical demonic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically misused tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, adored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voice, their accomplishments leave anyone who knows their history shaking their heads in amazed amazement.

From Christine de Pizan to the present, women look to Joan as a positive example of a courageous and active woman.[27] It operated within a religious tradition that believed that an exceptional person from any level of society could receive a divine calling. Some of his most significant help came from women. King Charles VII's mother-in-law, Yolande of Aragon, confirmed Joan's virginity and financed her departure for Orléans. Joan of Luxembourg, aunt of the Count of Luxembourg who had her in custody after Compiègne , eased her conditions of captivity and may have delayed her sale to the English. Finally, Anne of Burgundy, the Duchess of Bedford and wife of the Regent of England, declared Joan a virgin during pre-trial investigations.[28]

Three separate French Navy ships were named in her honor, including a helicopter carrier that was withdrawn from active service on June 7, 2010. Currently, the French far-right political party Front National holds rallies at its statues , reproduces his image in party publications, and uses a tricolor flame partially symbolic of his martyrdom as his emblem. Opponents of this party sometimes satirize its appropriation of its image. The French civic holiday in his honor, established in 1920, is the second Sunday in May.

World War I songs include "Joan of Arc, They're Calling You" and "Joan of Arc's Answer Song".

relics

Jeanne d'Arc, author unknown, c.1580

The so-called relics of Joan of Arc are kept in the Chinon Museum of Art and History . Property of the archbishopric of Tours, they were deposited in this museum in 1963. The glass bottle that contains them was discovered in Paris, in 1867, in the attic of a pharmacy, located on rue du Temple , from a pharmacy student, M. Noblet . The parchment that closed the opening of the bottle bore the mention: "Remains found under the pyre of Joan of Arc, virgin of Orléans".

The jar contains a four-inch-long human rib covered in a blackened layer, a piece of linen cloth about six inches long, a femur from a cat, and fragments of charcoal.

A microscopic and chemical analysis of the rib fragment shows that it was not burned, but impregnated with a plant and a black mineral product. Its composition is more similar to that of bitumen or tar than to organic residues of human or animal origin, reduced to a carbon state by cremation.

The “noses” of great perfumers ( Guerlain and Jean Patou ) remarkably detected in the piece of rib a scent of vanilla. Now, this perfume can be produced by the "decomposition of a body", as in the case of mummification, but not by its cremation.

Clothing

Ingres ' Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII (1854) is a notable example of attempts to feminize her appearance. At work, you can see the long hair and the skirt around the armor.

Joan of Arc wore men's clothing from the moment of her departure from Vaucouleurs until her abjuration in Rouen. This motivated theological debates in his own time and raised other questions in the twentieth century as well. The technical reason for his execution was a biblical clothing law. The second trial reversed the conviction in part because the sentencing process had not considered the doctrinal exceptions pertaining to that text.

In terms of doctrine, she was prudent when disguising herself as a squire while traveling through enemy territory, and was cautious when wearing armor during battle. The Chronicle of _ Pucelle claims this deterred sexual abuse while she was camped out in battle. The cleric who testified at her second trial claimed that she continued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape. Preservation of chastity was another justifiable reason for cross-dressing: her clothes would have slowed down a burglar, and men would be less likely to think of her as a sex object in any case.

The sword

The sword that accompanied Joan of Arc during all her battles was discovered under her indication under the flagstones of the church of Sainte -Catherine-de- Fierbois ( Indre -et-Loire), among other swords buried by passing soldiers. This very ancient sword was decorated with five crosses. The rust that covered it would disappear once Joan of Arc had the sword in her hand.

Jean Chartier , in the Journal of the seat and chronicle of the Maid , mentions the sword and the circumstances of its acquisition by the maid: the king wanted to give her a sword, she asked Sainte -Catherine-de- Fierbois , we asked her if she wanted it and she said no. A blacksmith was sent from Tours and discovered the sword among several votive offerings deposited there, apparently in a chest behind the altar. Joan broke this sword on the back of a prostitute, at Saint-Denis, according to the Duke of Alençon , probably after the failed attempt on Paris. It seems that she used to slash with this sword the backs of girls who prostituted themselves, these incidents being mentioned in Auxerre by the columnist Jean Chartier and by her page, Louis de Coutes, by the Château -Thierry stage . Charles VII was very dissatisfied with the sword's breakage. Indeed, it had assumed the appearance of a magical weapon among Joan's companions, and its destruction passed as an ill omen. We have no idea what happened to the parts.

In this context, I want to thank you once again for this formidable work that tells the true story of a young woman who fought against the English in defense of France . to all and wish you my best hugs and thank you!

By: Roberto Barros