ETHYMOLOGY OF ALL GENDERS OF LIFE OF ALL HISTORY OF THREE STATES OF PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL AS A CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF AN ARTISTIC, TRADITIONAL AND POPULAR PEOPLE IN WHICH THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF OUR BRAZIL BEGAN IN AN ACCOMPLISHMENT AND ANCIENT HABITS FORW

ABRACADABRA

Olinda February 8 , 2021

It is like saying that everything begins with a story and that there is a realistic narration in everything that says that metals are extracted from gold as well as from gold the origin of the appearance, development and conquests of the first known civilizations was achieved, in which I clearly I want to show an alchemy that was established perhaps as well as a great discovery in which today we can show the more defined origin and the tradition of a people that has kept a very old history like Bahia, which is the oldest Brazilian state and, today, the most populous in the Northeast region. Colonization in the region began when the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Cabrália Bay, on April 22, 1500. ... Bahia was the stage for the main decisions of the future of the territory now known as Brazil.

I want to talk about perhaps a party in which all devotions are about a great tradition of the people that today we can understand the more affective origin in which we put it as an older tradition such as the Malê revolt During the first decades of the 19th century in which several slave rebellions in the state of Bahia. ... Because it is not an exclusive religion of a single African people, Islam has managed to unite several African groups of different cultures, between slaves and freedmen, and I also want to talk about Candomblé and the Afro-Brazilian religions, such as Candomblé and Umbanda, they also enter the religious tourism circuit of Bahia. The best known centers are in the cities of the Bahian recôncavo, where the culture brought by enslaved Africans influenced the manifestations of the region and that today we can say that the Bahian would be or would have something superlative in a classification between the devotion for certain saints, exus, pomba- it turns out that in his life almost everyone always has in mind that justice may be more about the effects of mysticism in which they are devoted to the great xango who is an orisha who has control over lightning and thunder and who also expels fire through the mouth. He appears with a double-sided ax due to his warlike inclination. Known as the king of Oyó , Xangô is a powerful orixá who has control over lightning and thunder, and who also expels fire through his mouth that would be a warrior manifesto of his devotees in which they imply justice as the defense of a saint who represents the Saint of lightning, thunder, justice and fire. It is often said that São Jerônimo, which in religious syncretism corresponds to the orixá Xangô, punishes liars, thieves and malefactors. Its main symbol is the double-edged ax and the scale, a symbol of justice that is characterized by one of the most affectionate and consecrated people who give themselves entirely to the pleasure of winning because justice may not complete this commandment that would be more particularly family in which they are desired and begged for a desire for justice over great victories of a people who see and have in their color the wealth and beauty of the orixás and I want to talk about another party that is supposedly showing us how to do a ritual in which we show how traditions of a rich, hard-working people who always showed that carnival is a party and power where we can express this memory to many artists who today always show their most positive side, which is that alchemy is said to be done for different things as well as makes parties among several alternatives that today are consecrated here in Brazil as the best metalheads in Bahia with great musical effects to the Bahian rhythm of maracatu, afoxé, caboclinho, Axé, or axé music , is a musical genre that emerged in the state of Bahia in the 1980s during the popular demonstrations of the Salvador Carnival, mixing ijexá , samba-reggae, frevo , reggae, merengue, forró, samba duro, rhythms candomblé, pop rock, as well as other afro-brazilian and afro-latin rhythms that mix with the carnival sound showing their culture that begins and translates to the letter sung, deciphered and narrated by several cultural artists from Bahia to sound of the electric trio which is not how to say it!

Behind the electric trio just don't go after the one who died!

If you were curious to know what is so special about Bahians in their music, it's time to meet the main ones!

Gilberto Gil

Born in the state capital, Gilberto Gil has more than 50 albums released in which he managed to combine various styles, such as rock, African music, MPB, disco and reggae.

Gil marked Brazilian history not only for his great songs, but also for having been Minister of Culture from 2003 to 2008. After all, for those who fought against censorship during the military dictatorship, art and politics go hand in hand!

Among many others (it is practically impossible to choose just one!), The song Esperando Na Janela is one of the great classics of northeastern music and cannot be missed in a respectful June party!

Understand the meaning of the song Drão , by Gilberto Gil

Caetano Veloso

Owner of unmatched genius, Caetano Veloso was born in the small town of Santo Amaro da Purificação. Extremely relevant to Brazilian culture, he was one of the founders of tropicalism.

His music helps to tell the story of a very troubled period in Brazil; responsible for some of the great songs of protest against the Dictatorship, Caetano was even exiled, after the institution of AI-5, to escape the threats and persecutions of the police and to preserve his life.

In addition to these songs, he also has super elaborate compositions , such as Vaca Profana, written for Gal Costa.

Caetano Veloso: the 5 best songs of one of the idols of MPB

Raul Seixas

Contestant and mystic, as he defined himself, Raul Seixas was a unique personality that has won admirers to this day. What many people do not know is that he was born in Salvador, in 1945.

A pioneer in Brazilian rock, he reached his peak in the 1970s, with his first success, Ouro de Tolo. But the most acclaimed ones came in the following years, such as Gita and The Day the Earth Stood Still, which still generate several controversial interpretations and theories.

Despite his death in 1989, the singer is still alive in the voice of old and new generations. Crazy Beauty is one of the most famous and it's impossible not to sing along when you play. Long live Raul ! & # 129304;

Check out the meanings of Raul Seixas' songs to unravel all the mysteries behind the singer's lyrics.

Moraes Moreira

Disciple of Tom Zé, Moraes Moreira started in the group Novos Baianos , but the great recognition came later, when he entered his solo career, which earned him 29 albums released.

The singer died in April 2020, but his legacy remains for those who admire his versatility when mixing very different genres, such as rock, frevo and baião. The result is incredible!

If you don't know it yet, listen to Sintonia, one of the most heard:

Check out the best songs by Moraes Moreira to celebrate the career of this amazing artist!

Tom Zé

Along with Caetano, Gil, Gal and Maria Bethânia, Tom Zé was also one of the great founders of tropicalism.

Born in Irará, in the interior of Bahia, he was one of the few artists who really studied music: he graduated from UFBA and was responsible for the musical training of Moraes Moreira, who later achieved national success alongside the Novos Baianos.

Among several iconic songs, Vai (Menina, Amanhã de Manhã) represents the experimental pop that Tom Zé helped create in Brazil in the 70s.

Saulo Fernandes

Moving on to axé, a rhythm originated in Bahia, let's talk now about Saulo Fernandes. Known to be in charge of Banda Eva, he decided to go it alone from 2013 and has been pleasing the fans.

He is also remembered for his partnership with Ivete Sangalo. Together, they've done several shows and recorded hits like Don't Need to Change and Don't Tell Me Your Problems.

Luiz Caldas

Even in his childhood, Luiz Caldas already showed that music would be his destiny. In his hometown, Feira de Santana, he started performing with local bands.

This experience made Luiz learn to play several instruments, which contributed to his success later.

In the 1980s, the singer was an indispensable presence in the Bahian carnival and always appeared on TV programs. At that same time, he released songs that are still remembered today, such as Tieta, Fricote and Haja Amor.

Riachão Also died in early 2020, Riachão was one of the most recognized samba players in the country. In his compositions, he sought inspiration in high society events in the state.

Talent and social criticism gave him a lot of space in the 1940s and 1950s, in the so-called Golden Age of Brazilian Radio. In addition to music, he also participated in films and television series.

If Riachão is not from his time, it is very worthwhile to know his work. Listen to Picture of Bahia:

Bell Marques

The former singer of Chiclete Com Banana was a great revolutionary of Salvador's Carnival. He suggested ideas that are still used today, such as closing the side of the trio with speakers.

We are talking about Bell Marques, a true icon of axé. Since 2014, he left the band to pursue a solo career . Its new successes have maintained its prominent position.

Already a fan of this Bahian singer? Then sing along: Say Thanks, our love was worth too much ...

Dorival Caymmi

Dorival Caymmi is the author of compositions inspired by the customs of the Bahian people. For this reason, he is considered one of the biggest names in music produced in the state.

Creator of the so-called beach music, he released 101 songs that value our culture and still serve as inspiration for many people.

One of his greatest successes is Retirantes (Vida de Negro), which faithfully translates this theme:

Carlinhos Brown

Owner of an energy that contaminates everyone around him, Brown is known for his super lively songs , marked by a lot of percussion (which he himself makes a point of playing whenever possible).

The charismatic juror of The Voice Brasil, in addition to being nominated numerous times for the Latin Grammy, has also partnered with several international artists, such as Shakira and Angelique Kidjo .

It was he who gave the Bahian touch to the Tribalists , a great partnership with Marisa Monte and Arnaldo Antunes. Carnavália is one of the songs that were marked in the history of MPB and would not be the same without the characteristic good morning, community! that Brown screams at the beginning.

Joao Gilberto

Do you know who was the first Brazilian to create a new guitar beat to play samba? Joao Gilberto! A precursor to bossa nova, he is considered a genius by scholars and music journalists.

His compact with the songs Chega de Saudade and Bim Bom revolutionized national music and took it abroad.

It is not for nothing that the singer received important awards in the United States and Europe, such as the Grammy.

Coisa Mais Linda is her most well-known song and inspired the Netflix series of the same name :

Get to know the soundtrack for Coisa Mais Linda, a series that takes place in Rio de Janeiro in the 50s and 60s.

Dodô and Osmar

You may never have heard of the duo Adolfo Antônio do Nascimento and Osmar Álvares Macedo, but you certainly know Dodô and Osmar. Both were responsible for real innovations, such as the invention of the electric trio.

It all started in 1938, when they met on the radio. They were studying a way to amplify the sound of string instruments. The first idea came up in 1950, with the “ electric stick ”, considered the first Brazilian guitar.

After that, the duo conquered Brazil, always emphasizing the qualities of the Bahian people, which is pure Carnival. Check it out by listening to Bloco do Prazer!

Learn more about the Bahian revolution in music

One of the Bahian singers on our list, Gilberto Gil, released an album over 40 years ago that is still considered a landmark in Brazilian music. Check out Refavela's analysis to understand how this record revolutionized MPB in the 70s!

I want to make it very clear that the people of Bahia are more than a thousand people and they have god in their hearts and the devil in their hips for their energy and that they also do carnival every year and I want to talk about the holy spirit that is on everyone who it is designated as high spirits called axé that we can speak more of an intimate force in which the power of magic expands over a context of living that perhaps we can truly understand this strength from man to man and woman to woman or vice versa in which we can to say that god is above everything and that the Bahian has everything in his harmony, which translates into an extraordinary filtration between good and evil in which we can translate this perhaps more open contradiction about a setback of light and love or devastating hatred of the serpent that is dispensed for various purposes in which man can find the true path of his faith or salvation between a desire for love and healing through will, pleasure, sickness, life and death that would be more than proof that ex there is a magic in everything that we can transcribe as a more occupational saying in socialized work among many that obtains from all thanks the most beautiful adventures of a perfect citizen in search of the social well-being that we call the conquest of man in public roads in that his people made him more clearly about certain or uncertain attributes that affected his color, a soul that you have today as warriors of a sovereignty that is translated in the language of the Bahian people as an axé expression or sea of consecration that we can define in all matters and relations where we can admit his purposes in relationships with god that are related in various cultures between a more creative religion and shows his intellectual side on certain bases of honor and power over the society that has always infected us with countless advantages and disadvantages and that the people are proud of faith and social work on the other classes in which we can say that Bahia can be a portentous state under a circumstance would work, love, party, culture and hope among all inequality obtained socially and solely life and will not tarnish the good God because God would be Brazilian and that can complete us on our best challenges that today makes us think, how did the world start?

Maybe it was really a big explosion and to talk about this term we nowadays better qualify as an event of something superlative like a party, which in many transformations we could reach a more open and realistic conclusion that is classified about a carnival or a party rhythm that we can more evolve this term as a certain pulsating circumstance between the human being and his energies that would be the construction of a classification of glory and love for his people which is celebrated as social relativity and cultural growth of humanity and I want to thank the people of Bahia very much for their tradition and love for their culture and may god be with everyone forever in the name of the ward.

Construction of Bahia until today

Bahia is one of the 27 federative units in Brazil. It is located in the south of the Northeast Region , bordering on eight other Brazilian states - it is the Brazilian state that makes the most foreign exchange: [12] with Minas Gerais to the south, southwest and southeast; with the Holy Spirit to the south; with Goiás to the west and southwest; with Tocantins to the west and northwest; with Piauí to the north and northwest; with Pernambuco to the north; and with Alagoas and Sergipe to the northeast. To the east , it is bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and has, with nine hundred kilometers, the longest coast of all the states of Brazil, with access to the Atlantic Ocean. It occupies an area of 564,733,177 km², being slightly larger than France. Among the northeastern states, Bahia represents the largest territorial extension, the largest population, the largest gross domestic product and the largest number of municipalities. The state capital is Salvador, the third most populous municipality in Brazil. In addition to it, there are other influential cities in Bahia 's urban network, as regional capital Feira de Santana, Vitória da Conquista, Barreiras, the dipole Itabuna-Ilheus and the dipole Juazeiro-Petrolina, the latter being a Pernambuco and core city, along with Juazeiro , by RIDE Polo Petrolina and Juazeiro. In addition to these, due to their population and economic importance, three municipalities belonging to Greater Salvador: Camaçari, Lauro de Freitas and Simões Filho; and the interior towns of Jequié, Teixeira de Freitas, Alagoinhas, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Eunápolis, Porto Seguro and Paulo Afonso.

One of the first centers of sugar wealth in Brazil , Bahia received immense contingent and enormous influence from enslaved Africans, brought by European colonists for commercialization, aiming to supply the sugar mills and gold mines of the colony. These enslaved individuals came in particular from the Gulf of Guinea, from formerly called slave coasts, from pepper, ivory and gold, in West Africa, with emphasis on the Oyo Empire , founded and inhabited by the Yoruba people , and the ancient kingdom of Dahomey . In contrast, Rio de Janeiro would later receive slaves, mainly from Angola and Mozambique. Thus, the influence of African culture in Bahia remained high in music, cuisine, religion, in the way of life of its population, not only around Salvador and Bahia's Recôncavo, but mainly throughout the Bahian coast. One of the most important symbols of the state is that of the black woman with the acarajé board, dressed in a turban, golden necklaces and earrings, bracelet, long and armed skirts, lace blouse and cloth props from the coast, the typical Bahian woman.

Bahia is considered the oldest part of Portuguese America, as it was in the Porto Seguro region - later incorporated into Bahian territory - that Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet anchored in April 1500, marking the discovery of Brazil by the Portuguese and the celebration of the first mass, at Coroa Vermelha beach, presided by friar Henrique Soares de Coimbra. Also noteworthy is the decree of opening ports to friendly nations, promulgated on January 28, 1808 by means of a Royal Letter by the prince regent Dom João VI of Portugal, in the Captaincy of Bahia, ending the commercial monopoly and opening the Brazilian economy for foreign trade. On November 1 , 1501, the Florentine navigator Américo Vespúcio, at the service of the Portuguese crown, discovered and named the Bay of Todos-os-Santos, the largest sea recess on the coast from the mouth of the Amazon River to the estuary of the Rio da Prata . The site was chosen to house the headquarters of the general government in March 1549 with the arrival of the nobleman Tomé de Sousa, at the behest of King Dom João III of Portugal to found what would be the capital city of Brazil for the next 214 years. Cologne, Salvador.

Throughout history, Bahia has received several awards such as Boa Terra and Terra da Felicidade, because of its cheerful and festive population. It has a high tourist potential, which has been widely explored through its coastline (the largest in Brazil), Chapada Diamantina, Recôncavo and other natural beauties of historical and cultural value. It has the seventh largest economy in Brazil, with a gross domestic product of more than 260 billion reais, representing more than 17,000 reais of GDP per capita. Their income, however, is poorly distributed, reflected in a human development index of 0.714 in 2017, the sixth lowest in Brazil. [22]. In the flag of Brazil, the state of Bahia is represented by the star Gamma Crucis (? Crucis ) in the constellation Cruzeiro do Sul ( Crux )

Place of arrival of the first Portuguese in Brazil in the year 1500, the region of what would become the state of Bahia began to be populated by Portuguese in 1534. Until then, the region was inhabited by indigenous people such as Tupinambás, Aimores and Tupiniquins. In the territory corresponding to the current state of Bahia, five hereditary captaincies were formed between 1534 and 1566, preserved until the second half of the 18th century. They were: the Captaincy of Bahia, donated to Francisco Pereira Coutinho on March 5 , 1534; the Captaincy of Porto Seguro, donated to Pero do Campo Tourinho on May 27, 1534; the Captaincy of Ilhéus, donated to Jorge de Figueiredo Correia on July 26, 1534; the Captaincy of the Islands of Itaparica and Tamarandiva , donated to Don Antonio de Athayde on March 15, 1598; and the Captaincy of Paraguaçu or Recôncavo da Bahia, donated to Álvaro da Costa on March 29, 1566. [31]

Tomé de Sousa, the first governor-general, founded Salvador, which became the country's first capital in 1549 due to the need to create a political and administrative center capable of bringing together all the captaincies. It was, for many years, the largest city in the Americas. In 1572, the colonial government divided the country into two governments: one based in Salvador, and the other in Rio de Janeiro. The situation remained until 1581, when the capital of Brazil became, again, just Salvador . The capital was transferred to Rio de Janeiro definitively in 1763 by King Dom João V due to the discovery of gold and precious stones in Minas Gerais, so that the new capital had easier access to mining regions. Since then, the South-Southeast axis has consolidated itself as the new economic-political-administrative center in Brazil.

In Salvador, a large population of Europeans, Indians, blacks and mestizos was concentrated - due to the economy centered on trade with dozens of mills installed in the vast region of the Recôncavo. The original territory of Bahia comprised the right bank of the São Francisco River (the left belonged to Pernambuco). It was basically divided between two large fiefdoms: Casa da Ponte and Casa da Torre, by Lords Guedes de Brito and Garcia d'Ávila, respectively - promoters of the occupation of their territory.

Dutch invasions

Dutch invasions of Brazil § The invasion of Salvador (1624-1625) and Dutch presence in Brazil § Processes of conquest

Plan for the restoration of Bahia (from 1631 by João Teixeira Albernaz the Elder): in the foreground, the Spanish Armada.

In the 17th century, the great production of brazilwood and sugar, goods valued at that time, in the Northeast of Brazil, made this region integrate with international trade, also attracting European privateers. Thus, Salvador, the colonial seat of the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese America, was targeted and attacked by other European powers of the time, especially England and the Netherlands, until, in 1624, it was conquered by the Dutch West India Company (CIO).

The Dutch, led by Jacob Willekems and Johan van Dorfe with the participation of Piet Hein, arrived in the Bahian capital with numerous vessels and more than 3,600 soldiers, while on the other side, without receiving reinforcements, there were only eighty soldiers who disbanded with the majority of the population on the verge of attack. The Dutch arrived at the deserted square, except for the governor, who held the sword at the ready, promising to defend the city to the death. He was arrested.

Salvador came to be under Dutch rule for a year (1624-1625), but was taken over by Pernambuco troops in the so-called Jornada dos Vassalos, with the help of the Portuguese-Spanish squadron commanded by Fadrique de Toledo Osório, but mostly Portuguese, whose general was Dom Manuel de Meneses, chief captain of the Navy of the Coast of Portugal. In Recôncavo, organized in small villages, they prepared the reaction, with the help and commitment of Dom Marcos Teixeira de Mendonça, bishop of Bahia. A new invasion occurred in 1638, a period in which João Maurício de Nassau dominated much of the Northeast, but was strongly repelled. Although they failed, Piet Hein and Witte de With , together with others who tried to take Salvador, again captured several Portuguese ships with a large load of sugar.

Bahian Conjuration

Flag of the Baiense Republic. The colors (blue, white and red) of the movement are the same as the current state flag. In 1798, Bahia was the scene of the Bahian Conjuration, which proposed the formation of the Baiense Republic - a movement that was not widespread, but with greater repression than that of the Inconfidência Mineira: its leaders were educated blacks (tailors João de Deus Nascimento, Manuel Faustino dos Santos Lira and soldiers Lucas Dantas do Amorim Torres and Luís Gonzaga das Virgens) associated with a liberal elite (Cipriano Barata, Moniz Barreto and Aguilar Pantoja), but only the popular were executed, more precisely in Largo da Piedade on November 8, 1799.

Independence

The First Step towards the Independence of Bahia, by Antônio Parreiras.

The struggles for emancipation began in Bahia, still in 1821 and, even after Brazil's declaration of independence, on September 7 , 1822, the state continued to struggle against Portuguese troops until their surrender, which occurred on July 2 of 1823, after several battles. The date, a state holiday, is celebrated by Bahians as the Independence Day of Bahia.

Other revolts

With the independence of Brazil, the Bahians demanded greater autonomy and prominence. As the answer was negative, they organized armed uprisings that were smothered by the central government. This was the case of the Federation of Guanais , an 1832 uprising. In 1834, Bahia was the scene of the Malês Revolt (as the Islamized African slaves were known), considered the greatest slave revolt in the history of Brazil. With the Republic, other important political incidents occurred, such as the Canudos War and the bombing of Salvador in 1912. Bahia contributed actively to Brazilian history and many Bahian exponents are leading names in the country's politics, culture and science.

Arts

In the field of handicrafts in Bahia, decorative ceramics, a mark of indigenous influence, lace of bobbins and other types of embroidery, cloth dolls, santeiros and frowns, objects made of leather, metal, stones and those intended for kitchen, such as pestle and bowl.

Culture and Museums

Some museums in Bahia are: Afro-Brazilian Museum, Art Museum of Bahia, Museum of Modern Art of Bahia, Memorial of Governors Bahia, Carlos Costa Pinto Museum, Henriqueta Catharino Museum , Fundação Casa de Jorge Amado and Geological Museum of Bahia. In the interior of the state, the following stand out: the Jequié Historical Museum, with an important collection on the history and culture of the southwest region; the Museum of the Recollection of the Humble in Santo Amaro, of sacred art; the Hansen Bahia Foundation, in Cachoeira; and the Dannemann cultural center , in São Félix, with its Recôncavo book biennial.

Vaquejada de Serrinha in 2009.

Parties

In Bahia, there are several parties throughout the year. The main ones are the Lavagem do Senhor de Bonfim, the Carnival of Bahia and the several micaretas that occur throughout the year, this momesco event being a Bahian creation out of season. There is also the Festa Junina São João with emphasis on the city of Cruz das Almas (where the traditional sword war takes place) and Irecê that every year bring great attractions of Brazilian music. There is also the traditional Vaquejada de Serrinha, which always happens next to the September 7 holiday .

In Salvador, the Salvador Summer Festival always takes place at the beginning of the year. In Vitória da Conquista, during the winter, the Bahia Winter Festival takes place.

Literature

Frontispiece of A Cachoeira de Paulo Afonso, a work by Castro Alves from 1876.

Bahian writers have historical relevance when they appear as the greatest representatives of the Baroque in Brazil: Gregório de Matos, Botelho de Oliveira and Frei Itaparica. In Bahia, the first literary academies in the country also appeared: the Academia dos Esquecido (1724-1725) and the Academia Brasílica dos Renascidos (1759). It should be noted that, at the time, there were the chief chroniclers appointed by the king of Portugal and that the academies were seen as following the fashion of the academies in Portugal, but they would also represent some kind of nativist feeling in the intellectual milieu, already quite developed in Bahia.

In the most recent period, we have a lavish Bahia of immortal authors, such as Castro Alves, Adonias Filho, Jorge Amado, and João Ubaldo Ribeiro. The last two are exceptional authors, with easy literature and rich in details about Bahia. At the same time, they are radiographs of life in the state. However, when talking about novels, the "production" is reduced, it is restricted to small verses and passages that go back to the medieval style and to famous novels, such as Gabriela , Cravo e Canela, by Jorge Amado, published in 1958. The work is a return to the cocoa cycle, entering the universe of colonels, jagunços and prostitutes who draw the horizon of the cocoa society of the time. In the 1920s, in the then rich and peaceful Ilhéus, yearning for progress, with intense coastal nightlife, between bars and brothels, the drama unfolds, which ends up becoming an explosion of revelry and light, color, sound, sex and laughter. At the same time, cordel literature persists mainly in the sertão, where violeiros transmit the cordelista tradition through their singing.

Crafts

Music

In the last decades, Bahia has been a true musical granary. Many artists (musicians, instrumentalists, singers, composers and performers) have emerged with great influence on the national and international music scene. Having the largest city in the Americas for many centuries, its capital was the birthplace of African influences, samba de roda, its son samba, lundu and many other rhythms, driven by drums, berimbaus, marimbas - spreading out for the rest of Brazil, and winning the world.

In Bahia, Brazilian exponents of samba, pagode, tropicalism, Brazilian rock, bossa nova, axé and samba-reggae were born . Some of the main names are Dorival Caymmi, João Gilberto, Astrud Gilberto, Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa, Maria Bethânia, Tom Zé, Novos Baianos, Raul Seixas, Marcelo Nova, Pitty, Bira (from Sexteto do Jô), Carlinhos Brown , Daniela Mercury, Ivete Sangalo, Luiz Caldas, Margareth Menezes, Dinho ( from Mamonas Assassinas) etc.

Farol da Barra beach full of bathers, one day before the opening of the 2008 carnival

Carnival

Having as its main modern characteristic the electric trio, the biggest popular party in the state had its increase from this invention by Dodô and Osmar.

The black man regains his identity and gains strength in the Sons of Gandhi, the Olodum, and blocks like Ilê Aiyê, which unites music with social work. Salvador Carnival, considered the largest street carnival in the world, annually attracts 2 million revelers in six days of celebration. During the Salvador carnival period, dozens of Brazil's most famous singers parade in electric trios, such as Ivete Sangalo, Daniela Mercury and many others.

But there are also momo parties in the countryside, especially Barreiras, Canavieiras, Palmeiras and Porto Seguro.

Baiana do acarajé and its board.

Cooking

From the candomblé or the tray of the baiana do acarajé, sprout the acarajé, abará, vatapá and so many dishes seasoned with palm oil, celebrating the saints, like the caruru, or celebrating life, like the moqueca and the porridge.

Dialect

Unlike the satirization made by the mainstream media, the dialect spoken in Bahia, according to some linguists, would be an integral part of the southern group, being, therefore, a dialect of its own, not being part of the dialects of the northeast. Some of its slang sounds strange to other regions of the country, like the famous oxente , pasta (in the sense of a good thing) and where (used to deny a sentence).

Movie theater

Cinema in Bahia is promoted and encouraged by the Director of Visual and Multimedia Arts (DIMAS), in addition to the Bahia Association of Cinema and Video (ABCV / ABD-BA), a member of the Brazilian Association of Documentary Filmmakers and Short Filmmakers.

Announcement of the XXXIV International Day of Cinema in Bahia.

In Bahia, there are several festivals and cinema and film club meetings , among them:

• Bahia Afro Film Festival, in Salvador;

• Bahia Animation Meeting, in Salvador. Feira Mostra Filmes, in Feira de Santana;

• Brasilidades Festival , in Feira de Santana; National Video Festival - The Image in 5 Minutes, in Salvador;

• THE END! - Festival of the Moving Image, in Salvador;

• Bahia International Cinema Day, in Salvador;

• Mostra Cinema Conquista, in Vitória da Conquista;

• International Seminar on Cinema and Audiovisual, in Salvador;

Vale Curtas - National Short Film Festival of the São Francisco Valley, in Juazeiro and Petrolina.

There are also several national film productions that have Bahia as their theme or something related to it, such as Cidade Baixa and Ó Paí , Ó.

The state is also the birthplace of big names in national cinema, such as actors Lázaro Ramos, Wagner Moura, Luís Miranda, Priscila Fantin, João Miguel, Othon Bastos, Antonio Pitanga (father of also actors Rocco and Camila Pitanga) and Emanuelle Araújo and filmmakers Glauber Rocha and Roberto Pires.

Valuing Bahian cinema, TVE Bahia shows, on Fridays, the Sextas Baianas film session. And DIMAS exhibits the Quartas Baianas session, especially dedicated to the rescue and valorisation of local production, with free admission, in the Walter da Silveira Room, on Wednesdays, at 8:00 pm.

attractions

Lacerda's elevator.

Another important industry in the state is tourism, mainly along the coast of Bahia. Bahia is the Brazilian state with the longest coastline. The beautiful beaches and cultural treasures make the state one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil, being the state that receives the most tourists in the Northeast region, with a flow of 11 million visitors in 2011, according to a study conducted by the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisa Economic (Fipe). In addition to the island of Itaparica and Morro de São Paulo, there are a large number of beaches between Ilhéus and Porto Seguro, on the south coast. The north coast, in the area of Salvador, stretching to the border with Sergipe, became an important tourist destination, which became known as the Green Line. Costa do Sauípe stands out as the largest complex of hotel-resorts in Brazil.

In ecotourism, Chapada Diamantina stands out. In the region, there is the best tourist itinerary in the country, located in Vale do Pati (Lençóis), as pointed out by the Ministry of Tourism in 2010. In it, about 500 thousand tourists, Brazilians and foreigners, pass annually.

According to the 2009 Brazilian Tourism Habits of Consumption survey, conducted by Vox Populi in November 2009, Bahia is the preferred tourist destination for Brazilians, since 21.4% of tourists who intended to travel in the next two years would choose the state. The advantage is great in relation to competitors: Pernambuco, with 11.9%, and São Paulo, with 10.9%, were, respectively, in second and third places in the surveyed categories. In 2010, it was chosen by the American newspaper The New York Times as one of the 31 destinations that deserved to be visited in 2010. The state was the only one in Brazil to be included in the ranking.

Education

Bahia has a long history in the area of education, since the first Jesuits who, in the 16th century, installed schools in Salvador, then the capital of the Colony. Renowned educators such as Abílio Cezar Borges, Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro and Anísio Teixeira captained the country's educational proscenium.

Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Federal University of Bahia. Activities at UFBA began with the foundation of the Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, the oldest medical school in Brazil, founded in 1808 under the name of Escola de Cirurgia da Bahia, shortly after the arrival of Dom João VI in the country.

The public school in Bahia is basically state and municipal, with the municipality having a greater concern with primary education (first to fourth grade) and the state government with primary education as well, but only from fifth to eighth grade, in addition to teaching medium. The federal government has little participation in the direct formation of the population, however, many resources used by these school institutions come from federal funds. Currently, Bahia has twelve universities, four of which are state-owned (UNEB, UEFS, UESB and UESC), six federal publics (UFBA, UFRB, UNIVASF, UNILAB, UFSB and UFOB) and two private ones ( UCSal and UNIFACS). Not to mention the federal institutes, IFBA and IF-BAIANO.

According to a ranking carried out and published by Folha de S.Paulo , in 2012, the Federal University of Bahia appears as the second best score among public universities in the north and northeast, behind the federal one in Pernambuco, and in 12th place in the country, and in front of the State University of Maranhão. In another ranking published in the same year, made by the Ministry of Education (MEC) based on the National Student Performance Exam (ENADE), the State University of Feira de Santana was classified as the best university in the north and northeast regions and the 15 Of the country in courses with grade five.

Religion

Catholicism is the dominant religion in the state. In Salvador, the first Catholic church was built on Brazilian soil, thanks to Catarina Paraguaçu, where today it is the Graça neighborhood. The capital of Bahia has hundreds of Catholic temples, the city being the seat of the Catholic government in the country, home of the Archbishop Primate. The patron saint of the state is Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Praia, whose temple is the target of worship. Despite this, the most famous cult in the state is the cult of Senhor do Bonfim, which is popularly considered as patron. It also has the pilgrimage center of Bom Jesus da Lapa, the target of annual pilgrimages, in addition to the secular churches of Recôncavo, with its novenas. It has the Archdiocese of Vitória da Conquista, the Archdiocese of Feira de Santana, among other archdioceses. Within the Bahian Catholicism, the figures of the nuns Joana Angélica, Sr. Dulce and Sr. Lindalva stand out.

Syncretism with religions of African origin, which in Bahia more than in any other part of the country remained alive, came to mix candomblé with Catholicism (as in the cases of the Brotherhood of Good Death and the Brotherhood of Black Men) and others Christian variants. Then, mixed religions emerged, such as the cabula and umbanda. The cult figure of Mãe Menininha do Gantois stands out in this field, as well as terreiros such as Opo Afonjá, as well as a whole culture that permeates the beliefs of the people of Bahia .

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Bahia has been the scene of Protestant evangelical missions, which resulted in the capital in the foundation of Colégio Dois de Julho and in the presence of missionaries like Henry John McCall . Today, the entire state is witnessing the growth of multiple Christian denominations.

Carnival

Having as its main modern characteristic the electric trio, the biggest popular party in the state had its increase from this invention by Dodô and Osmar.

But there are also momo parties in the countryside, especially Barreiras, Canavieiras, Palmeiras and Porto Seguro.

Artists

I want to talk here about maybe beautiful people who always take everything in law as well as they are also hard to chew and who always showed a great role in Brazilian culture that rises above a broader gate in which women would be something superlative that makes men male goat feeling about a power of valorization above all because there would never be certain opinions of this woman who knows how to transcribe her dilemmas about a trajectory of facts and ideas that in the pleasure of having a song by Amelinha that in her passage through life this Paraiba woman that in this land of a brave and strong people we do not intend to highlight any synonym of love because it is always in the affection of pleasure in which its love is like a fire that heats up like a summer that reminds us of the northeastern who lives in the drought and has always been king of the cangaço and the wealth of a people who suffered and lives on pleasure is suddenly shown over the majority because it is also consumed between tears and work great qualities that today the man gives the field stands out among many states and are the best suppliers of cereals and fruits in brazil as far as paraiba is concerned, it has everything that is good and shows us among its education a more slate enrollment that among many are almost all one that belongs to there that history and

the region that today corresponds to the State of Paraíba was the target of disputes between French and Portuguese Europeans.

The French occupied the region in the early 16th century. As a way to prevent the attacks, the Portuguese João Tavares built Fort São Felipe at the mouth of the Paraíba River in 1585.

The territory was invaded once again, now by the Dutch in 1634. The Dutch stayed 20 years in the region and were expelled by André Vidal de Negreiros. In the region, there have also been several conflicts with indigenous people.

The inhabitants of the territory acted directly in the Pernambucana Revolution (1817). Also in the State of Paraíba, there was a prelude to the 1930 Revolution.

On that occasion, Governor João Pessoa de Albuquerque was assassinated. Pessoa was nominated as a candidate for the post of vice president on the Liberal Alliance slate, led by Getúlio Vargas for the Presidency.

I want to talk about great artists who have always contributed to the cultural development of music as much as Paraiban artists, because there is no shortage of talent.

What is not lacking in Paraíba is talent, whether in music, cinema, visual arts or literature. To entertain the public during this period, Usina Energisa separated some tips from Paraiba artists and films to enjoy at home.

Music

The cultural scene in Paraíba is full of artists and bands that are successful inside and outside the state. They are talented musicians who stand out nationally and delight the most varied tastes.

Nathalia Bellar

Born in João Pessoa, Nathalia Bellar is one of the great revelations of Paraíba music. With her unmistakable voice, the singer began her career playing great names in Brazilian music, such as Elis Regina, Dominguinhos and Lenine.

In January 2020, Nathalia Bellar released her first album, “ Catavento ”. The disc has 7 unpublished songs and three re-recordings, written by her and other northeastern composers. Among the artists who sign the tracks are Lula Queiroga, Chico Limeira, Totonho , Titá Moura and Wister . The album is available on digital platforms.

-band chafer

The Banda- Fôrra is formed by Guga Limeira, on vocals, Ernani Sá and Hugo Limeira, on guitars, Matteo Ciacchi , on bass, and Lucas Benjamin on drums. The name was inspired by the history of Brazil: it refers to what people were called daughters of slave mother and white father.

The group appeared in 2014 and, in the following year, released a homonymous EP. In 2018, came the first studio album, “Trilha”, with eight tracks. The work is the result of a mixture of influences ranging from northeastern music to alternative rock.

Renata Arruda

Renata Arruda is a singer and songwriter from Paraíba , with over 30 years of career. She has already partnered with Elba Ramalho, Chico César and other artists who are prominent on the national scene. With nine studio albums released, his songs have already been part of the soundtrack of novels such as "Fera Ferida" and "Andando nas Nuvens", as well as films and series.

Renata Arruda's discography unites MPB , rock, pop and other Brazilian rhythms like samba and frevo. It is possible to check the work of the singer and songwriter from Paraíba on digital platforms.

Gatunas

It was with the motto “they want is power” that the band Gatunas appeared in João Pessoa in 2017. The power trio is formed by Morgana Morais, on vocals and bass, Ruanna Gonçalves, on vocals and guitar, and Marcondes Orange, on drums. The band's songs address violence against women and LGBTQphobia , as well as the importance of female empowerment .

• Abdias of the Eight Low.

• Adma Andrade.

• Afonso Gadelha.

• Aldair Playboy.

• Amazan .

• Antônio Barros.

• The Blinds of Campina Grande.

• Ascendino Lisboa.

• Zé Ramalho.

• Elba Ramalho.

I want to talk a little bit about a very good singer from Paraíba called Zé Ramalho who always show great songs like vila do sossego, Avôrai and song agalada like other songs that have many musical philosophies in their lyrics that are very reflective.

Zé Ramalho, stage name of José Ramalho Neto is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and musician. In October 2008, Rolling Stone magazine promoted the List of the Hundred Greatest Artists in Brazilian Music, the result of which placed Zé Ramalho in 41st position. On the paternal side, he is the cousin of the singer Elba Ramalho.

I want to talk a little about a very good singer from Paraíba called Elba Ramalho who always showed great songs that has many musical philosophies in his lyrics that are very reflective sings a lot of frevos and is really a beautiful singer from Paraíba.

Elba Maria Nunes Ramalho is a Brazilian singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and actress. His first musical experience came in 1968, playing drums in the female group "As Brasas". Subsequently, the group transformed from musical to theatrical.

It is as if it is said that Paraíba always shows us in its role the more rigid and hard side of the woman as of the man who to establish between his great life it seems that we are walking on a slightly different northeast because among their cultures they are almost the same in which the people show themselves more voluntary of a more applied sociology and in all their emotions do not show the origin of the people because between the female and male desire perhaps it can tell us how much we are attracted and fascinated by a more prudent and satisfying desire than in the most traditional well we say that we simply love with love and we want all the best respect because that way we can achieve happiness.

I want to thank the people of Paraíba and a very strong hug with all my heart to all the great masters of culture and to all paraibanos who are male goats, yes sir and happiness!

Construction of Paraíba to the present day

Paraíba is one of the 27 federative units in Brazil. It is located in the east of the Northeast Region. It is limited to three states: Rio Grande do Norte (north), Pernambuco (south) and Ceará (west), in addition to the Atlantic Ocean (east). Its territory is divided into 223 municipalities and has an area of 56 469.778 km², slightly smaller than Croatia. With a population of around four million, Paraíba is the 14th most populous state in Brazil. The capital and most populous municipality is João Pessoa. Other municipalities with a population of over one hundred thousand inhabitants are Campina Grande, Santa Rita and Patos.

Before Portuguese colonization, Paraíba was inhabited by several indigenous tribes. In 1534, it was subordinated to the Captaincy of Itamaracá, acquiring political autonomy in 1574 with the creation of the Captaincy of Paraíba, annexed to Pernambuco in 1756 and recovering its autonomy in 1799, existing as a separate political unit since then. Paraíba was a participant in the Pernambuco Revolution of 1817 and the Confederation of Ecuador (1824). In 1930, Getúlio Vargas appointed the president of the state (now governor), João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, as vice president of Brazil. The assassination of João Pessoa by João Duarte Dantas was the trigger for the 1930 Revolution.

Paraíba is the birthplace of notorious Brazilians, such as Epitácio Pessoa (former president of Brazil), Pedro Américo (internationally renowned painter), Assis Chateaubriand (best known for having founded the São Paulo Museum of Art and TV Tupi), Celso Furtado (one of the most influential economists in Latin American history), as well as writers such as Ariano Suassuna, Augusto dos Anjos, José Américo de Almeida, José Lins do Rêgo, among many others.

Education

In 2015, Paraíba had 5,724 pre-school schools, 4 632 elementary schools and 558 high schools, with a total of 808 693 enrollments. In these educational establishments, there were 34 907 teachers of elementary education, 10 839 of secondary education and 5,724 of pre-school.

In the list of Brazilian states by HDI, with data from 2010, the factor "education" reached the mark of 0.555 index, according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), being, in the whole country, only ahead of the Maranhão (0.547), Pará (0.528) and Alagoas (0.520). Regarding illiteracy, the list of Brazilian states by literacy rate (plus the Federal District) shows Paraíba with the third highest rate, with 20.2% of its population considered illiterate, more than twice the national average (9, 02%), according to the 2010 census. The Basic Education Development Index of the state, in 2015, was 4.9 for the initial years (1st to 4th grade), 3.8 for the final years (5th grade 8) and 3.4 for the third grade of high school.

Campus of the Federal University of Campina Grande in Pombal.

Still in 2010, Paraíba had an expectation of years of studies of 9.24 years, lower than the national average (9.54 years). The percentage of children aged between five and six years at school was 94.13% and between eleven and thirteen years of age attending elementary school, 81.67%. Among young people, the proportion between the ages of fifteen and seventeen with a complete elementary school was 44.85% and between 18 and 20 years old with a high school education of 32.88%. Considering only the population aged greater than or equal to 25 years, 37.67% had completed elementary school, 27.42% illiterate, 26.98% completed high school and 8.02% a college. In 2015, the age-grade distortion among elementary school students, that is, older than the recommended age, was 19.2% for the initial years, 36.5% in the final years, with this gap in high school being 32 , 8% . Among the various educational institutions in Paraíba are the João Pessoa University Center (UNIPE), the Faculty of Applied Social Sciences (FACISA), the Nova Esperança Nursing School (FACENE), the Integrated Colleges of Patos (FIP), the Paraíba Higher Education Institute (IESP), the Paraíba Federal Institute (IFPB), the Paraíba State University (UEPB), the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) and the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB).

Transport

Road map of Paraíba

The state fleet in 2015 was 1 114 851 vehicles, 464 417 automobiles, 425 069 motorcycles, 71 436 trucks, 59 590 scooters, 27 858 trucks, 24 091 vans, 7 492 vans, 7 002 buses, 4 391 minibuses, 2,630 trucks and 41 wheel tractors, in addition to 20,834 in other categories.

In Paraíba there are only two airports managed by Infraero. They are the Presidente Castro Pinto Airport (which is located eleven kilometers from the center of João Pessoa, in the municipality of Bayeux, is international and of medium port, opened in 1957 and currently has an annual handling of up to 2.3 million passengers ) and Presidente João Suassuna Airport (located in Campina Grande, six kilometers from the city's urban area, opened in 1957 and with a flow of up to 250 thousand passengers per year). There are also other smaller airports: Cajazeiras, Catolé do Rocha, Conceição, Guarabira, Itaporanga, Monteiro, Patos, Rio Tinto and Sousa.

Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport, Bayeux

Start of the Transamazônica highway (BR-230) in Cabedelo

Former railway station of Campina Grande, which today houses the Museum of History and Technology of Cotton.

In road transport, Paraíba is crossed by seven federal highways, three of which start on the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, passing through Paraíba and extending to other states: BR-101, BR-104, and BR-110. Another three start on Paraiba soil: the BR-230 (Transamazônica Highway), which departs from Cabedelo and extends to the border between Brazil and Peru, in Amazonas; BR-412, the only federal highway located entirely in Paraíba territory, starting in the district of Farinha, municipality of Boa Vista, and ending in Monteiro, where it meets the BR-110; and BR-427, connecting in Pombal, in the hinterland, to Currais Novos (Rio Grande do Norte), where it meets BR-226. A small stretch of BR-116, approximately fourteen kilometers long, also cuts through the state of Paraíba, passing only through the municipality of Cachoeira dos Índios, in the extreme west of the state. There are several other state highways, which, along with the federal highways, add up to 5 030 km in length (of which 1 400 are under federal jurisdiction ), of which 2 140 km are paved, 1 468 km are implanted, 1 372 km in natural bed and 50 km planned. In rail transport, Paraíba has 660 kilometers of railroads, most of which are deactivated and in poor condition. Previously, Paraíba was served by two important railroads: the first, operated by Rede Ferroviária do Nordeste, started in Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte and reached Paraíba, having a branch in the direction of Cabedelo and another in Campina Grande bound for Patos and, later, Sousa; the second was operated by the Rede de Viação Cearense, and departed from Fortaleza, capital of Ceará, and, in Paraíba, reached Sousa, where it met the stretch of the Rede Ferroviária do Nordeste. Nowadays, only the branch that connects Santa Rita, João Pessoa and Cabedelo is active, serving the metropolitan trains of the João Pessoa Urban Trains System, managed by the Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos. As for maritime transport, which is one of the fundamental vectors of the state's economy, Paraíba has the Port of Cabedelo, which is located next to the Fortaleza de Santa Catarina, on the right bank of the Paraíba River estuary and was built in the first half of the century XX, being inaugurated in 1935 and with its administration exercised by the government of Paraíba until 1978, when it started to be administered by Empresa de Portos do Brasil SA, extinguished in 1990, the year in which the port was administered by Companhia Docas do Rio Grande do Norte and, since 1998, by Companhia Docas da Paraíba . There is also the small Capim Port, located in João Pessoa, on the banks of the Sanhauá River and remained active until the inauguration of the Cabedelo port.

Housing, services and communications

CAGEPA unit in Campina Grande

Responsible for water supply in 181 of the 223 municipalities in Paraíba, as well as sewage collection in 22 municipalities, is the Paraíba Water and Sewerage Company, created in 1966. The main electricity distributor in the state was the Sociedade Anónima de Paraíba Electrification (SAELPA), until 2007, the year in which the company was extinguished and since then the energy supply has been carried out by Energisa , which serves 216 municipalities. The mains voltage is 220 volts. In 2010, Paraíba had 84.87% of its state households with piped water and 99.29% with electricity, in addition to 77.8% with garbage collection. In the field of mobile telephone service, by cell phone, Paraíba is part of "area 10" of the National Telecommunications Agency (which includes, in addition to Paraíba, the states of Pernambuco, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí and Alagoas) and is served by four telephone operators: data from February 2013 pointed to Oi with the largest share in this market in the state (33.04%), followed by TIM (32.24%), Claro (25.91%) and Vivo ( 8.81%). The direct dialing code for all municipalities in the state is 083. In 2010, 63.73% of households had only a mobile phone, 15.37% had a fixed and mobile phone and 1.92% had only a fixed phone. There are several newspapers in circulation in several municipalities in the state. Some of them are: Diário do Sertão (Cajazeiras); Jornal da Paraíba and Rede Campina (Campina Grande); Northeast Alternative , Click PB, Correio da Paraíba, Folha da Paraíba, Paraíba News and Portal BIP (João Pessoa) and Notícias do Cariri (Monteiro), in addition to several others, such as Paraíba Online, Paraibeabá , Virgulino and Vitrine do Cariri. There were also the newspapers Diário da Borborema (Campina Grande) and O Norte (João Pessoa), which left circulation on February 1, 2012.

Arts and Crafts

Handicrafts are one of the most spontaneous forms of cultural expression in Paraíba. In different parts of Paraíba it is possible to find a differentiated craft production, created according to the local culture and way of life and made with regional raw materials, such as embroidery, ceramics, leather, crochet, fiber, labyrinth, wood, macrame and lace. Some groups bring together several artisans, providing space for making, exhibiting and selling handcrafted products.

Among the main handicraft centers in the state are: the Paraíba Handicraft Market, in João Pessoa, a space of 120 stores with various handicraft products, such as embroidery and hammocks, in addition to typical regional foods; the Tambaú Handicraft Fair, also in João Pessoa, which has snack bars, food courts and restaurants, in addition to having several cultural presentations; Casa do Artista Popular, also located in the capital, opened in 2006, bringing together more than a thousand pieces and representations of Paraiba's handicrafts and Vila do Artesão, in Campina Grande, which has 77 chalets and is very popular during São João.

In addition to this permanent equipment, the Salão da Artesanato Paraibano event takes place twice a year, linked to the State Government's Paraíba Craft Program, which has more than five thousand artisans. One of the editions of the event takes place during the summer in João Pessoa and the other, during the winter in Campina Grande. Thousands of artisans and visitors participate in the events every year.

Culture

The person responsible for the cultural sector of the state of Paraíba is the State Council of Culture, together with the State Secretary of Culture. The council was established by State Decree No. 32 408 of September 14, 2011, is linked to the governor's office and aims to plan and execute the state's cultural policy through the elaboration of programs, projects and activities aimed at cultural development , in addition to defending the conservation of the artistic, cultural and historical heritage of Paraíba. In all municipalities in Paraíba there are a number of events, the most important of which are: in the capital, the feast of the patron saint Nossa Senhora das Neves and Nossa Senhora da Penha; in Campina Grande, the Largest São João in the World, already mentioned; in Guarabira, the festival of Light; in Pombal and Santa Luzia, the festival of the Rosary and, in Patos, the festival of Nossa Senhora da Guia, in addition to The Best São João do Mundo. Among the most practiced dances are: bumba-meu-boi, coco-de-roda, ciranda, nau-catarineta, pastoril and xaxado, very popular throughout the year, some of them mainly during the carnival and the month of June, during the period of the June festivities. Among the fun, there are the boat, the cavalhada, the coconuts and the lapinhas.

Paraiba literature has made great contributions to the Brazilian literary scene, with emphasis on Augusto dos Anjos, Ariano Suassuna, Assis Chateaubriand, Celso Furtado, Pedro Américo, José Lins do Rego, José Américo de Almeida, Félix Araújo, José Nêumanne Pinto, Lúcio Lins, Moacir Japiassu , among many. In addition to the writers, one can also mention cordel literature, a literary genre usually expressed in leaflets exposed or not on string, brought by the Portuguese during the colonial period; in addition to Paraíba, this type of production is also typical of its neighbors Ceará, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte.

Paraíba is also home to several writers, musicians and intellectuals, and several other personalities, such as politicians Aurélio Lira (president of the Junta Militar of 1969), Epitácio Pessoa (president of Brazil between 1919 and 1922 and the only Brazilian to occupy the presidency of the three powers of the republic), Humberto Lucena (who was twice president of the Federal Senate of Brazil) and João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque (who was a candidate on the slate of Getúlio Vargas for the presidency of the republic in 1930, president of the state of Paraíba between 1928 and 1930, the year he was assassinated; currently, the capital of Paraíba, João Pessoa, bears his name). Other famous personalities are André Vidal de Negreiros (Portuguese colonial governor and hero of the Pernambucan Insurrection of 1645), Assis Chateaubriand (who was a businessman, journalist, founder of the São Paulo Museum of Art, member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and politician), Cláudia Lira (actress), Elpídio Josué de Almeida (historian and politician), Fábio Gouveia (surfer), Inácio de Sousa Rolim (known as Padre Rolim, was an educator, missionary and priest), Ingrid Kelly (model), João Câmara Filho (painter ), Piragibe (hero of the conquest of Paraíba), José Dumont (actor), Luiza Erundina (mayor of São Paulo between 1989 and 1993 and currently a federal deputy for the state of São Paulo), Maílson da Nóbrega (former Minister of Finance of Brazil ), Manuel Arruda Câmara (religious, medical and intellectual), Marcélia Cartaxo (actress), the brothers Vladimir Carvalho and Walter Carvalho (filmmakers) and Wills Leal (journalist).

Religion

According to the 2010 census, the population of Paraíba is made up of Roman apostolic Catholics (76.958%), Protestants (15.16%), Spiritists (0.615%), Jehovah 's Witnesses (0.467%), Brazilian Apostolic Catholics (0.219 %), Mormons (0.113%), Orthodox Catholics (0.052%), Candomblecists (0.035%), Umbanda (0.029%), esoteric (0.023%), Jewish (0.017%), Eastern religious (0.014%), indigenous traditions ( 0.010%), spiritualists (0.004%), Islamic (0.002%), Hindus (0.002%) and Afro-Brazilian religious (0.001%), in addition to other religiosities. There were also those without religion (5.661%), including atheists (0.106%) and agnostics (0.046%); people with indeterminate religion and / or multiple belonging (0.154%); those who did not know (0.154%) and did not declare (0.016% ). In the Catholic Church, Paraíba belongs to the Northeast Regional II, which also covers the states of Alagoas, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, and its territory is inserted in the Ecclesiastical Province of Paraíba, formed by the Archdiocese of Paraíba and its four suffragan dioceses: Cajazeiras , Campina Grande, Guarabira and Patos. Paraíba also has the most diverse Protestant or Reformed creeds, among which the Maranata Christian Church, Lutheran Church, the New Life Christian Church, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, the Presbyterian Church, the Methodist Church, the Baptist churches, the Assemblies of God churches, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. As already mentioned, 15.16% of the population of Paraíba declared themselves evangelical, with 8.45% belonging to evangelical churches of Pentecostal origin, 3.259% to mission evangelicals (3.259%) and 3.451% to non-determined evangelicals.

Artists

Paraiba music varies in several rhythms, such as baião, ciranda, forró and xote, and these are influenced by various musical groups and artists. Some of the musical personalities born in Paraíba are Abdon Felinto Milanês, Antônio Barros, Barros de Alencar, Bartô Galeno, Bastinho Calixto, Biliu de Campina, Cecéu , Chico César, Elba Ramalho, Flávio José, Genival Lacerda, Geraldo Vandré, Herbert Vianna, Jackson do Pandeiro, Lucy Alves, Bolt, Pinto do Acordeon , Renata Arruda, Roberta Miranda, Sivuca , Zé Pacheco and Zé Ramalho. The Paraíba Symphony Orchestra was created by professor Afonso Pereira da Silva on November 4 , 1945 through an initiative of the Paraíba Musical Culture Society and, later, through a partnership between the Federal University of Paraíba and the state government . Paraíba and its people are also exalted in songs. Some examples are the samba-exaltation "Meu Sublime Torrão" (1937) by Genival Macedo, which became the Popular Anthem of the City of João Pessoa through Municipal Law No. 1,601, of March 16, 1972, and the unofficial anthem da Paraíba, the baião "Paraíba" (1950) by Humberto Teixeira and Luiz Gonzaga, the coconut "Na Paraíba" (1957) by Zé do Norte, the samba "Paraíba" (1972), by Carlos Magno and João Rodrigues, the xote "Paraíba, Meu Amor" (1997) by Chico César, and the forró "Paraíba Joia Rara" (2011) by Ton Oliveira.

Today is February 8 , 2021

Where the whole story is related to the Brazilian Northeast that I describe here in everything with great respect and love for my land for cultural simplicity I want to talk about its origins and start a tradition that our people started when everything is said that the Northeast was the birthplace of European colonization in the country, as it was the discovery or discovery of Brazil that is referred to in Luso- Brazilian historiography the arrival of the fleet led by Pedro Álvares Cabral to the territory called Ilha by Vera Cruz that occurred on April 22, 1500. This discovery makes part of the Portuguese expeditions and the discoveries and news of the discovery of Brazil were reported by the expedition secretary Pero Vaz de Caminha. The Portuguese remained in Brazilian territory until May 2 , 1500 when they then continued their journey towards India, the great objective of the expedition. The arrival of the Portuguese in Brazil is one of the final results of the great navigations to ocean exploration that occurred throughout the 15th century. Although the Spaniards first arrived on the American continent, the Portuguese are considered to be the pioneers in this exploration process, making great “discoveries” in that period.

The pioneering role of the Portuguese was studied by historians and justified on the basis of political, economic and geographical factors. The first point of emphasis concerns political stability and the fact that Portugal has a unified territory for centuries. In the territorial case, the Portuguese expelled the Moors in 1249. In comparison to Spain, for example, it fought against the Moors until 1492 and the English and French fought each other in the Hundred Years War until 1453.

In my role I show a more constructive explanation between the discovery of Brazil and the colonization that we can understand in more depth how it all started and the origin of our people that tells many stories that always make us react to a more traditional aspect today for the Northeasterner who it has always played its most constructive and demonstrative role in the construction of its state that formalizes us among various arts that involve certain cultures that the people did not have before colonization. The Northeasterner who has always suffered from the beginning and has undergone several transformations that today we can understand his point of view and the education that formalized us between different arts and cultures that practically show us the growth and evolution of our people on an objective that we see and today tells us how can the country man who was born in the catinga to the arara stick who always suffered from drought in northeastern Brazil and did not have an easy and good education due to the infrastructures and political norms of our country that today have an incomparable level homeless people, people without studies, without jobs in which we total more than a billion northeasterners who have always suffered unemployment, hunger and helplessness that make us think about how our Brazilian northeast is today that we can assume some progress between art and northeastern culture , people who effectively show us their power, work and culture over other social classes in the world where we can understand their history and their relations with the music, xaxado and baião in which today they are cultural examples of a history that we make films, music in which it can be like a point of restoration in which the people of the Northeast are made and more idealistic, because certain artists have marked a history.

I want to explain with more quality that the Northeast has for a long time conquered a certain space that would not convert it with what has passed around it for many years that made the rural man who suffered and still suffers several infractions that can always reflect in the Northeast as a basis of fundamentals cultural and even historical for those who are seeing the Northeast undergoing a great financial and drought crisis that we put into practice as functions that we can always show their more narrative side of the people who have suffered and who are many. Today great people have demonstrated their role and tell their story on a side more related to cinema, music that freed us in a more creative way than for those who see the northeast so fragmented by certain relevances of the country man that we see in his image, his most evolutionary role in which we can believe that his independence is above all, the most fertile northeast for the eyes of today that oscillate between various stories and music and life to the Northeasterners in which he only felt with the warmth of the sun that it burns in solitude between various forms of life and that its theme would be to live in tiring and tiring jobs in which we can value its fight performance in a vast place like the sea that unforgettablely would become independent and that the sea could in some years become sertão as the sertão perhaps became the sea and that certainly the theory can be more linked to the conviction that the sea could occupy spaces when moving, it is hard because it certainly par a sea and the interior is a true sunny sea where the sun always rises and that is where the man from the interior who has always suffered and cared for a domestic life, rodeo and struggle related to the whole history of a past that we always remember the hinterland. And from our state of Pernambuco, we have a state of great battles in which honor has always shown real and clear evidence of a factor that is well geared to our people and I want to thank my state and thank you all very much!

Certainly, seeing the Northeastern man shows us an immense greatness that few value his history and that this man can be more than a man because he is like a lion always working hard as an example of a goat that in philosophy simply focuses on being one can doubt his arguments and tradition that due to his greatness the dominance of man over the fascination of life was established which has always led him to achieve a more violent standard of living and that we can certainly understand his role and value this would be the that you have always established in your history and tradition that to be a man you must be born in the countryside because contagious life can show a more comprehensive theory of a being who was born and raised with eternal suffering and that one day his image emerged as a rose about the nation that established order, discipline, justice and honor and that to be a man you need to be born cured of a snake even if you doubt it and even if it has excuses or d about something and if they want to doubt and must be very careful. The northeastern woman is above all the power that has in the countryman's soul his greatest compassions that from his half-suffering image there is still some argument that justifies that his love is stronger for being a woman and that being a woman has in himself your own character. Being a steel cape like making a commitment to certain pleasures that can dominate a man's heart due to his two brilliant countenances that distinguish his value on his face and those who don't love the female smile are unaware of Cervantes' poetry and that we can understand its value , beauty, work and love when we stay by your side so that we can understand your masculine and feminine side that would be or would be compromising between a difficult reason to love a woman and be happy and that sin can remain silent or would be a mystery of ours emotions that we find in your heart and the truth that we do not want to lose, as we could never forget you about your domains that would certainly be among the dose of love you have and it is amazing and incomprehensible. That makes us forget the hurts of life that are certainly unbalanced on their side and the company can be the derivative and cause of love and the synonym would be love because your love is more realistic than what we have to think because being a woman is not and it means that we can reflect and decipher this problem that not everyone can be because it would be just loving and being a woman that this woman who lives in silence can be real and that maybe that woman does not have our nobility and skills that will ever show her hurt can always unite us always and that his love would not give us luck and that we will always learn not to doubt this woman who is just a woman and we see the northeast transform our eyes into water and that her distance does not measure the suffering of a people that will always be rich and that only left the proof that this suffering welcomed us with a foresight that we carry in our hearts because we are of northeastern body and soul and only certain, who gave his life for a bad country ior and better where today we are the best artists in the world and that the sertão always shows that its value has no limits as long as it keeps with us all its cunning, suffering and history of a people that grew and showed in their struggle that what makes a country may not be its beauty but the depth of its existence and its soul.

Today the whole story is related to the Brazilian Northeast that I describe here in everything with a lot of respect and love for my land for cultural simplicity I want to talk about its origins and start a tradition that our people started when everything says that the Northeast was the cradle of colonization European in the country because it was the discovery or discovery of Brazil that Brazilian historiography refers in Portuguese to the arrival of the fleet led by Pedro Álvares Cabral to the territory called Ilha de Vera Cruz that occurred on April 22, 1500. This discovery is part of the discoveries and the Portuguese expedition and news of the discovery of Brazil was reported by the expedition recorder Pero Vaz de Caminha. The Portuguese remained in Brazilian territory until May 2 , 1500 when they then continued their journey towards India, the great objective of the expedition. The arrival of the Portuguese in Brazil is one of the final results of the great voyages to ocean exploration that took place throughout the fifteenth century. Although the Spaniards first arrived on the American continent, the Portuguese are considered to be the pioneers in this exploration process, making great “discoveries” in that period.

Dear and illustrious friends, I as a writer have the honor of expressing myself and talking a little about myself and my work that when I started my writing career in Vitoria de Santo Antão and continued here in Olinda as a visionary that I simply owe a lot to my story firstly to our northeastern people who have always expired me with their culture in which I see both in music and in national films in which we specify and we have a great passion for our stories about northeastern Brazil that stand out among several northeastern figures that philosophically show us in his musical songs and films a grammar that teaches us to know its literary effects which I can clearly say how much I smiled and cried with different dimensions that taught me to know the origin of our people among perhaps the pain of suffering that expands on national poverty that can be up to our wealth because I believe they support and insure this country due to the captive love and evero and confident of these people who may not be able to have a good life but I tell you that they taught us to collect and build the best stories in the arts that today are made by great artists from the Globo network in Rio de Janeiro that are world highlights with several songs and films that have always contributed to improve and show our country, origins and how rich we are due to perhaps a simple more bodybuilding dynamic of seeing and seeing life and I want to make it very clear that our capabilities are examples of different citizenships that simply because of a psychological factor that makes and generates a more specific philosophy about such events that took place over wars, presidential constructions, love as light and way among many who react on life and honestly respect humanity in a time that shows us a little catastrophic about our power and superlative capacities to build the world and for everyone this is called art in Portuguese as a physical effect on society that it is like a bad reaction, an act happened and vice versa and may god enlighten everyone. For me that I simply describe literally as art that I translate literally narrating as stories in which I simplify my philosophy as an artist in this theory I am a writer and my name is Roberto Barros and I love my life that I knew national and American cinema since my adolescence to this day in which I live a creative and visionary character who put all my theory in a metaphysics of narrating various stories such as short stories, chronicles, thoughts, poetry, verses that I have always dedicated my heart to my art of writing good stories that was when I joined to the site called Recanto das Letras which is a very good site for many people who want to leave their best memories and I want to make it very clear that my best intuitions were several national singers who gave me a musical relationship as to national rock, MPB de different places in our country where I always loved the northeastern culture and the national rock cultural movement that I learned playing and singing and I really like the musical philosophy that always shows us criticisms, philosophies and ballads that impel us to build great tales that were kept in the memory of all of us in which I put all my philosophy on a musical study both foreign and Brazilian and narrative several cinema stories that in the future I can make a good movie with a true script in which I describe philosophically everything I see and feel about me as an ark of dreams called culture that simply has no mystery but a literature that marked a time in that I am what I do and what I dreamed.

Peace is forever and we are great by our nature because we are human and will always preserve all the formalities that life proposes to us in which we will strengthen our paths with all the honor and all the glory in which God conforms to what we do with life what life teaches us that we also live forever in our homeland in a world republic in all our countries that we always like to see things in life and rich and poor people who are examples of sovereignty and that some suffer and because we learn to love and value our lives because we may not be perfect but we try to show our values better in our hearts. Thank you!

Construction of Pernambuco until today

Pernambuco is one of the 27 federative units in Brazil. It is located in the center-east of the Northeast region and has the states of Paraíba (N), Ceará (NO), Alagoas (SE), Bahia (S) and Piauí (O) as its limits, in addition to being bathed by Atlantic Ocean (L). It occupies an area of 98 149,119 km² (6.57% greater than Portugal). Also part of its territory are the archipelagos of Fernando de Noronha and São Pedro and São Paulo. Its capital is Recife and its administrative headquarters is the Palace of Campo das Princesas. The current governor is Paulo Câmara (PSB).

Pernambuco was the first economic nucleus of Brazil, as it excelled in the exploitation of pau-brasil (also referred to as pau-de-pernambuco) and was the first part of the country where the sugarcane culture developed effectively. The Captaincy of Pernambuco, the richest of the captaincies of Portuguese America during the sugar cycle, reached the position of the world's largest producer of the merchandise. In the state, many of the first historical facts of the New World occurred: on the Island of Itamaracá, in 1516, the first "Governor of the Parts of Brazil", Pero Capico , was established, who built the first sugar mill known there in the Portuguese America. Pernambuco also had an active participation in several episodes of Brazilian history: it was the scene of the Battles of the Guararapes, decisive battles in the Pernambuco insurrection and considered the origin of the Brazilian Army; and served as a cradle for movements of a nativist character or libertarian ideals, such as the Peddler War, the Pernambucan Revolution, the Confederation of Ecuador and the Praieira Revolution.

The state gave rise to internationally renowned personalities: physicists and mathematicians such as Mário Schenberg , José Leite Lopes, Leopoldo Nachbin , Paulo Ribenboim, Samuel MacDowell and Aron Simis ; writers such as Paulo Freire, João Cabral de Melo Neto, Manuel Bandeira, Clarice Lispector, Oliveira Lima and Nelson Rodrigues; polymaths such as Gilberto Freyre, Joaquim Nabuco, Josué de Castro, Joaquim Cardozo, Antônio Austregésilo and Cristovam Buarque; entrepreneurs such as José Ermírio de Moraes, Norberto Odebrecht , Antônio de Queiroz Galvão, Edson Mororó Moura, Anita Harley and Flávio Rocha; historical leaders and characters such as Frei Caneca, Lampião, Araújo Lima, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Correia Picanço and Cardinal Arcoverde; musicians such as Luiz Gonzaga, Alceu Valença, Geraldo Azevedo, Dominguinhos, Bezerra da Silva, Naná Vasconcelos and Duda Beat; audiovisual professionals such as Chacrinha, Marco Nanini, Arlete Salles, Kleber Mendonça Filho, Guel Arraes and Aguinaldo Silva; plastic artists and designers such as Romero Britto, Francisco Brennand, Marianne Peretti , Cícero Dias, Tunga and Aloísio Magalhães; sportsmen such as Rivaldo, Vavá, Ademir de Menezes, Jaqueline, Dani Lins and Karol Meyer; among several other names.

Pernambuco is the seventh most populous federative unit in Brazil, and has the tenth highest GDP in the country and the highest GDP per capita among the northeastern states. Its capital, Recife, is home to the richest and most populous urban concentration in the North-Northeast. In the interior of the state, the most important cities are Caruaru and Petrolina. Known for its active and rich popular culture, Pernambuco is the cradle of several traditional manifestations, such as capoeira, coco, frevo and maracatu, as well as having a vast historical, artistic and architectural heritage, especially with regard to the period colonial. In 1970 the Armorial Movement appeared in the state, whose central figure was the Paraiban writer Ariano Suassuna. Two decades later, another important movement appeared, constituting a kind of counterpoint to the Armorial: the Manguebeat , whose greatest exponent was the artist Chico Science. Pernambuco has among other nicknames that of Leão do Norte, an expression that originates in the figure of arms of the former captain-donatary Duarte Coelho, in reference to the courage and the combative spirit of the people of Pernambuco. The term is currently symbolized both in the state coat of arms and in the flag of the city of Recife, and was also inspiration for the song of the same name by the composer Lenine.

Education

The Federal University of Pernambuco, the main higher education institution in the state, was classified in 2013 by QS World University Rankings as the best university in the North-Northeast and the 8th best Brazilian federal university , as well as the 15th best university in the country, having occupied the 43rd position among Latin American institutions; and although it was surpassed by UFPR in relation to the previous year, it remains ahead of institutions such as UFSC and UFBA. UFPE is also the best university in the North-Northeast according to the Folha 2012 University Ranking, in addition to being the only university in these two regions among the ten best in the country.

Pernambuco has its main colleges and universities founded in the 19th century, and some stand out nationally. The centenary Faculty of Law of Recife, born from the transfer of the Faculty of Law of Olinda and today linked to UFPE, was the first law course in Brazil, together with the São Paulo course, still under Dom Pedro I. important names in Brazilian history studied, highlighting exponents such as Barão do Rio Branco, Castro Alves, Clóvis Beviláqua , Tobias Barreto, Ruy Barbosa, Joaquim Nabuco, Eusébio de Queirós, Teixeira de Freitas, Raul Pompeia, Nilo Peçanha, Augusto dos Anjos, Epitácio Pessoa , Assis Chateaubriand, José Lins do Rego, Graça Aranha, Pontes de Miranda, among countless others. Even today, the celebrated Faculty of Law of Recife, honoring its tradition, is a center of excellence in the teaching of law, being, both at undergraduate and graduate levels, among the five best legal courses in Brazil, according to OAB and the MEC. In addition to the Federal University of Pernambuco, other important higher education institutions located in the state are: the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), founded in 1912 as the School of Agriculture; the University of Pernambuco, formerly FESP, a public state university that has campuses in several cities in the interior of the state; and the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, the first federal university established in the northeastern hinterland. Pernambuco stands out in technological education. The Informatics Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco (Cin. UFPE), responsible for the courses in Computer Science, Information Systems and Computer Engineering, is a major supplier of skilled labor in technology to Microsoft. [188] And the state also has outstanding high school institutions : UFPE's College of Application was elected the best public school in Brazil three times.

Arts

The Pernambuco State Museum, created in 1928, has a large eclectic collection, with about 12 thousand items covering the areas of art, anthropology, history and ethnography. The Museu do Homem do Nordeste, linked to the Joaquim Nabuco Foundation / Ministry of Education, is an important anthropological museum that brings together a collection of about 15 thousand pieces of cultural heritage from the formation of the Northeastern people. It also has a projection room, the Cinema do Museu, where alternative films are shown, which are not shown in large rooms. Cais do Sertão, an interactive and objects museum considered one of the most modern cultural facilities in the country, was elected the 18th best museum in South America by users of the TripAdvisor travel site .

The Oficina Cerâmica Francisco Brennand is a monumental complex with 15 km² of built area - art museum and studio - created by the artist Francisco Brennand, it has a collection with more than 2 thousand pieces between sculptures and paintings. The Ricardo Brennand Institute (IRB), founded by the collector and businessman Ricardo Brennand, is based in a medieval-style architectural complex, consisting of three buildings: Castelo São João Museum, gallery and gallery, surrounded by a vast park . It houses one of the largest collections of bladed weapons in the world, as well as a permanent collection of historical-artistic objects from different origins, covering the period from the Low Middle Ages to the 21st century, with a strong emphasis on historical and iconographic documentation related to the colonial period. and Dutch Brazil.

sports

The most popular sport in the state is football. Pernambuco is the leader among the states of the North-Northeast in the ranking of the CBF federations, and Recife was one of the six headquarters of the 1950 World Cup (only the northeastern headquarters), in addition to hosting the 2013 Confederations Cup and the World Cup 2014 World. Pernambuco is also the state of the North-Northeast that stands out most in other sports: it is the second Brazilian state in number of national hockey titles, both in the men's and women's championship, behind only São Paulo, and Sport Club do Recife, one of only two Brazilian clubs to win a South American Hockey Championship; and it is the only state outside the Center-South with Brazilian and South American basketball titles, obtained by the female team of Sport Club do Recife between 2013 and 2014.

The Pernambuco Football Championship, one of the main state tournaments in the country, has been played since 1915, with a team from the capital as its champion. The main state teams are the Sport Club do Recife, which most state titles has (41 in 2017), still being Brazilian Champion 1987, Champion of the 2008 Brazil Cup Vice-Champion Brazil 1989 and Vice Cup - Champion of the 2000 Champions Cup; Santa Cruz Futebol Clube, with 29 titles from Pernambuco, in addition to the title Fita Azul do Brasil for having returned undefeated to the country after an international tour in which he faced football teams like Paris Saint-Germain and some teams; and Clube Náutico Capibaribe, which holds the mark of the most consecutive state titles (Hexacampeão) out of a total of 21 achievements and the title of Brazilian Vice-Champion in 1967. The three main Pernambuco clubs are among the oldest and most traditional in Brazil.

Other sports clubs in the state are América (with six state football titles and the Nordeste Trophy) , Clube Português do Recife, Central, Porto, Ypiranga , Salgueiro, Petrolina, Serra Talhada, Belo Jardim and o Araripina.

The biggest teams in Pernambuco have their own stadiums. The largest stadium built is the Estádio do Arruda , belonging to Santa Cruz. Also noteworthy is the Ilha do Retiro, which belongs to Sport, and the Estádio dos Aflitos, which belongs to Náutico, and Náutico currently plays in the Arena de Pernambuco, a modern stadium built in São Lourenço da Mata, in the Region Metropolitana do Recife, for the 2014 World Cup.

Culture and Literature

It was in Pernambuco that the first poem of Brazilian literature appeared: Prosopopeia, by Bento Teixeira. The work tells in an epic style, inspired by Camões, the exploits of the Albuquerque family, having been dedicated to the then governor of Pernambuco, Jorge de Albuquerque Coelho. Prosopopeia was published in the year 1601.

Another landmark in Pernambuco literature is the book Historia Naturalis Brasiliae , the first treatise on natural history in Brazil, written by the Dutch physician and naturalist Guilherme Piso, who conceived it through the observation of the zoobotanical garden of the Friborg Palace, residence of Maurício de Nassau in Recife during Dutch rule.

Two hundred and fifty years after Historia Naturalis Brasiliae , Pernambuco abolitionist Joaquim Nabuco was completing My Formation, a classic work of Brazilian literature. Years later, during the Modern Art Week, the poem Os Sapos by Manuel Bandeira, from Recife, is considered the opening of the movement.

Pernambuco scholars are many. Some of them: João Cabral de Melo Neto, Manuel Bandeira, Nelson Rodrigues, Joaquim Nabuco, Clarice Lispector, Paulo Freire, Gilberto Freyre, Joaquim Cardozo, Josué de Castro, Álvaro Lins, Marcos Vilaça, Martins Júnior, Mauro Mota, Mário Pedrosa, Manuel de Oliveira Lima, Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, Osman Lins, Dantas Barreto, Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti, Evaldo Cabral de Mello, Evanildo Bechara, Olegário Mariano, João Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira, Adelmar Tavares, among many others. Clarice Lispector, Ukrainian naturalized Brazilian and one of the biggest names in national literature, declared herself to be from Pernambuco because she lived most of her childhood and adolescence in Recife.

Other artistic and cultural events

Capoeira is considered to have appeared in Quilombo dos Palmares, in the then Captaincy of Pernambuco.

Frevo, declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

Maracatu, the oldest Afro-Brazilian rhythm.

Nova Jerusalem, located in the countryside of Pernambuco, is the largest open-air theater in the world.

Pernambuco's cinematographic production is highly respected by critics, and record holder of awards at several film festivals.

Carnival in Olinda. The Recife – Olinda Carnival is considered the most democratic and culturally diverse in the country.

Folklore and music genres

Several folkloric manifestations have appeared in Pernambuco over the years. The frevo, one of the main ones, is a symbol of the Recife – Olinda Carnival, and is characterized by the fast musical rhythm and the dance steps that resemble capoeira. This genre has already revealed and influenced great Brazilian musicians. Before the creation of axé music in the 1980s, frevo was also used in Salvador's Carnival. In a ceremony held in the city of Paris, France, in 2012, UNESCO announced that, approved unanimously by voters, the frevo was elected as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Maracatu Nação, also known as "Maracatu de Baque Virado", is a cultural manifestation of traditional Afro-Brazilian Pernambuco music. It is formed by a percussive musical ensemble that accompanies a royal procession. The groups present a show full of symbologies and marked by aesthetic richness and musicality. The moment of greatest prominence consists of taking to the streets for parades and presentations during the carnival period.

Maracatu Rural, also referred to as "Maracatu de Baque Solto", is another cultural manifestation of Pernambuco, in which the well-known "caboclos deauga" appear. It is distinguished from Maracatu Nação in organization, characters and rhythm. Maracatu " Cambinda Brasileira" is the oldest active in the country. Maracatu Rural means something more than a game for its members: it is a secular heritage, a source of great pride and admiration. The procession of Maracatu Rural differs from other maracatus due to its own musical characteristics and the essence of its origin reflected in the syncretism of its characters. Baião, the music and dance genre, had the greatest exponent of Pernambuco Luiz Gonzaga. The rhythm, along with others like the xote, is part of the so-called forró. Xaxado, on the other hand, a typical dance from the Pernambuco backlands, is exclusively male and was disseminated in a vast area of the northeastern interior by the cangaceiro Lampião and the members of his band. Also very common in Pernambuco are the bands of Pífanos, as well as other music and dances from the state, such as Coco , Ciranda, Cavalo-Marinho, Caboclinhos, Pastoril, Embolada, among other events.

In the 1990s , Manguebeat appeared in Pernambuco , a counterculture movement that mixes regional rhythms, such as maracatu, with rock, hip hop, funk and electronic music.

theater

Every year, in the weeks leading up to Easter, there is a show of the Passion of Christ of Nova Jerusalem at Fazenda Nova, district of Brejo da Madre de Deus, municipality of the harsh Pernambuco. The event is recognized as the largest open-air theater in the world. The theater city of Nova Jerusalem impresses with its architecture: the building is a replica of the sacred Judea, with artificial lakes, nine stages, a 3,500-meter wall and 70 towers. Several successful actors and actresses from Rede Globo have performed in Nova Jerusalem. The Passion of Christ has existed since 1951, as a theatrical spectacle.

Pernambuco gave rise to Mamulengo , the name given to the Brazilian puppet theater, considered one of the richest popular shows in the country. It is a representation of dramas through puppets, in a small raised stage covered by an empanada, behind which are the people who give life and voice to the characters. Glória do Goitá, a municipality in the Pernambuco forest zone, holds the title of "cradle of the mamulengo ".

visual arts

Pernambuco's cinema started in 1922, when the goldsmith Edson Chagas and the engraver Gentil Roiz got together with the purpose of producing plot films. Hence , the film "Retribuition" appears , which premiered in 1923 with great success in the cinemas of Recife and which is considered the first plot film made in the Northeast. Previously, there were only a few experiences with documentaries. The local film production has received numerous national and international awards and is a record holder of nominations and awards in several festival editions. Films by Pernambuco filmmakers and screenwriters such as the dramas Baile Perfumado (1996), Amarelo Manga (2002), Cinema, Aspirinas and Urubus (2005), O Som ao Redor (2013), Serra Pelada (2013), Aquarius (2016), or even novels and comedies like O Auto da Compadecida (1999), Caramuru - The Invention of Brazil (2001), Lisbela and the Prisoner (2003), A Máquina (2005), Stay With Me This Night (2006), O Bem Amado (2010) ), among many other productions, reached great projection.

Pernambuco also excels in visual arts and design. The names of the state are Romero Britto, Tunga, Francisco Brennand, Marianne Peretti , Cícero Dias, Vicente do Rego Monteiro, Mestre Vitalino , Aloísio Magalhães, Andree Guittcis , Telles Júnior, Abelardo da Hora, Murillo La Greca, Corbiniano Lins, Reynaldo Fonseca, J. Borges, Eudes Mota, Gilvan Samico, Lula Cardoso Ayres, Paulo Bruscky , Galo de Souza, among many others. Renowned artist Vik Muniz is the son of parents from Pernambuco.

Festivities

Recife Carnival is a multifaceted carnival, with different forms of street carnival, parades of carnival associations and presentations by singers and musical groups on specific platforms. Recife has the largest carnival block in the world, Galo da Madrugada, which is held on the Saturday of Carnival, or "Saturday of Zé Pereira". In 1995, the Rooster brought together more than one million people, a feat that included him in Guinness World Records. The Olinda Carnival is known worldwide for the parades of the Bonecos de Olinda, dolls over two meters, colorful and easily located, which go out with the revelers. The party is held in the historic city center.

São João de Caruaru is one of the most famous in Brazil. It has several animation hubs, artistic shows, presentation of folkloric and regional groups and typical cuisine with corn-based delicacies such as hominy, mush, corn cake, peanut and others. At the largest São João party in the world, the audience reaches 1.5 million people. Journalists from around the world register the event, which is on Guinness World Records, in the largest outdoor country (regional) party category on the planet.

Cultural spaces

Francisco Brennand Ceramics Workshop

Culture house

The state is home to many museums, cultural centers and institutions aimed at promoting artistic actions, such as the Gilberto Freyre Foundation, the Cericina Francisco Brennand, the Ricardo Brennand Institute, the Museu do Homem do Nordeste, the Cais do Sertão Museum, the Paço do Frevo, the Pernambuco Archaeological, Historical and Geographic Institute, the Portuguese Reading Office, the Abolition Museum, the Train Museum, the City of Recife Museum, the Pernambuco State Museum, the Aloísio Magalhães Modern Art Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Pernambuco, Caixa Cultural, the Cultural Center of Correios, Santander Cultural, the Pernambucan Academy of Letters, the Academy of Arts and Letters of Pernambuco, the Joaquim Nabuco Foundation, the Barro and Forró Museum, the Sertão Museum, the Santa Isabel Theater, among others. The Pernambuco State Museum, created in 1928, has a large eclectic collection, with about 12 thousand items covering the areas of art, anthropology, history and ethnography. The Museu do Homem do Nordeste, linked to the Joaquim Nabuco Foundation / Ministry of Education, is an important anthropological museum that brings together a collection of about 15 thousand pieces of cultural heritage from the formation of the Northeastern people. It also has a projection room, the Cinema do Museu, where alternative films are shown, which are not shown in large rooms. Cais do Sertão, an interactive and objects museum considered one of the most modern cultural facilities in the country, was elected the 18th best museum in South America by users of the TripAdvisor travel site . The Oficina Cerâmica Francisco Brennand is a monumental complex with 15 km² of built area - art museum and studio - created by the artist Francisco Brennand, it has a collection with more than 2 thousand pieces between sculptures and paintings. The Ricardo Brennand Institute (IRB), founded by the collector and businessman Ricardo Brennand, is based in a medieval-style architectural complex, consisting of three buildings: Castelo São João Museum, gallery and gallery, surrounded by a vast park . It houses one of the largest collections of bladed weapons in the world, as well as a permanent collection of historical-artistic objects from different origins, covering the period from the Low Middle Ages to the 21st century, with a strong emphasis on historical and iconographic documentation related to the colonial period. and Dutch Brazil.

The Ricardo Brennand Institute in Recife, houses one of the largest collections of knives in the world with more than 3 thousand pieces, including 27 full medieval armor. It was elected the best museum in Latin America by TripAdvisor users .

Cooking

The roll cake, an icon of Pernambuco sweets and one of the symbols of Pernambuco.

The Brazilian feijoada (photo) and cachaça probably have a Pernambuco origin. Tapioca, an indigenous delicacy, was discovered in Pernambuco in the 16th century.

Pernambuco's cuisine was directly influenced by European, African and indigenous cultures. Several original recipes from other continents have been adapted with ingredients easily found in the region, resulting in unique combinations of flavors, colors and aromas.

It stands out for its so-called "Pernambuco sweets", that is, the sweets developed during the colonial and imperial periods in its sugar mills such as the bolo de rolo, the nego bom and the top hat; and also for the drinks and savory delicacies discovered or probably originated in the state, such as cachaça, beiju and feijoada à Brasileira. The most well-known delicacies are, among others, tapioca, Brazilian feijoada, tidy, hiding, broths such as sururu, shrimp and fish broths, stew, Pernambuco moqueca, Pernambuco fish stew, stew, the chambaril , the jerky to brejeira, coconut Bredo, coconut beans the the steamed pumpkin, chicken giblets, the polenta, the salty mungunzá the sarapatel the buchada and oxtail. Among the most common drinks, cachaça deserves special mention; and among the sweets from Pernambuco we can mention the bolo de bolo, the Souza Leão cake, the barra branco cake , the top hat and the good nigga . In São João, maize foods are present in pamonha, canjica, corn cake, sweet mungunzá, among other delicacies.

The Souza Leão cake, the roll cake and the top hat received, by law, status of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the State of Pernambuco. The beiju from Alto da Sé de Olinda, considered the most traditional in Brazil and preserved by the "Association of Tapioqueiras de Olinda", received the title of intangible heritage of the city.

Recife is the third largest gastronomic center in Brazil according to the Brazilian Association of Bars and Restaurants ( Abrasel ) - with about 10,000 establishments - after Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Pernambuco is the state with the largest number of restaurants starring the Guia Quatro Rodas in the North, Northeast, Midwest and South of Brazil, and the fourth in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Sixteen Pernambuco establishments, with renowned chefs and ranging from regional cuisine to Portuguese, Italian, French, Japanese and Peruvian cuisine, were awarded in 2013.

Religion :

Petrolina Cathedral, built in neo-Gothic style.

Synagogue Kahal Zur Israel, the oldest synagogue in America.

Candomblé shed in Pernambuco.

According to the 2010 IBGE census data, 5 834 601 inhabitants were Catholics (66.33%), of which 5 801 397 Roman Apostolic Catholics (65.95%), 26 526 Brazilian Apostolic Catholics (0.30% ) and 6 678 Orthodox Catholics (0.08%); 1 788 973 evangelicals (20.34%), 1 102 485 of Pentecostal origin (12.53%), 376 880 mission (4.28%) and 309 608 not determined (3.52%); 123 798 spiritists (1.41%); and 43,726 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.50%). Another 914 954 had no religion (10.40%), among which 10 284 atheists (0.12%) and 5 638 agnostics (0.06%); 80 591 followed other religions (0.90%); and 9 805 did not know or did not declare (0.12%).

Christianity

Traditional Pernambuco schools are mostly Catholic , such as Colégio Damas da Instrução Cristã, Colégio Marista São Luís and Liceu Nóbrega de Artes e Oficinas. The largest, oldest, most well-known and most visited temples by tourists are from the Catholic Church, such as the Basilica do Carmo, the Basilica of São Bento, the Mother Church of the Santíssimo Sacramento de Santo Antônio, the São Pedro dos Clérigos Cathedral , the Golden Chapel, the Church of Carmo de Olinda, the Church of Nossa Senhora das Neves, the Cathedral Sé de Olinda, the Church of Santos Cosme and Damião, the Church of Madre de Deus, the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos de Olinda and the one in Recife, the Basilica da Penha, the Basilica Sanctuary of Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora, the Church of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres dos Montes Guararapes, among others, which is a sign that Roman Catholicism is the most professed religion among the from Pernambuco.

The Catholic Church in Pernambuco is administratively divided into an archdiocese and nine dioceses: the archdiocese of Olinda and Recife, currently commanded by archbishop Dom Antônio Fernando Saburido , and the dioceses of Afogados da Ingazeira, Caruaru, Floresta, Garanhuns, Nazaré, Palmares, Pesqueira, Petrolina and Salgueiro.

Pernambuco is the federative unit of the Northeast Region with the highest concentration of evangelicals, both in absolute numbers and in proportional terms. 20.34% of the state's population, which corresponds to more than 1.78 million people from Pernambuco, declares themselves to be Protestant according to the 2010 IBGE census, a percentage much higher than the percentages found in the other northeastern states.

Pernambuco has the most diverse Protestant denominations, such as the Assembly of God, a Protestant church with the largest number of believers and temples in the state. Other Pentecostal and Neopentecostal denominations present in Pernambuco are, among many: Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Christian Congregation in Brazil, Church of the Blessing, Church of God is Love, Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Church of Brazil for Christ, Church of Maranata and Church New life. Among the traditional evangelical denominations, temples in the state include Baptist-oriented churches, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Presbyterian Church, the Lutheran Church, the Anglican Church, the Methodist Church and the Congregational Church.

Other religions

Among non-Catholic and non-Protestant Christians, there are Spiritists, Jehovah's Witnesses and Latter-day Saints. The best known Afro-Brazilian temple is the Terreiro do Pai Adão, in Recife. Jews are also present. Some of the Jewish personalities who lived in the capital of Pernambuco were the writer Clarice Lispector, the philosopher Luiz Felipe Pondé , the engineer Mário Schenberg , the landscaper Roberto Burle Marx, among others. Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims have no relevance to the state's population.

Carnival

The carnival of Pernambuco refers to the momo parties in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. It happens more intensely in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, mainly in Recife Antigo in the capital of Pernambuco and in the Cidade Alta in Olinda; but it also occurs in several municipalities in the interior of the state. Common rhythms are frevo, maracatu, ciranda, coconut, caboclinhos, seahorse, manguebeat , among others.

The oldest and most culturally diverse carnival in the country, the main characteristic of Pernambuco's carnival is the democratization of play. The revelers participate intensely in the demonstrations, without the need for a distinction for shrouds or abadás.

The first signs of carnival festivities in Pernambuco still suggest in the 17th century, when workers from the Sugar Loaders Companies and the Goods Loaders Companies gathered for the Festa de Reis, forming processions carrying wooden coffins and improvising songs in rhythm of march . But it was two centuries later that the party became popular and took on the format known today.

Marked by tradition, the folly of momo from Pernambuco preserves cultural events dating from the colonial period such as Maracatu Nação, and the 19th century, such as Frevo, Maracatu Rural and Caboclinhos.

In Recife, the carnival opens with the departure of the largest carnival block in the world, Galo da Madrugada, on Saturday morning. In the Recife Antigo neighborhood, the afternoon begins with craft fairs and presentations by percussive groups, among other attractions. Following, then more at night, a schedule of shows that are performed on stages spread across all districts of Recife and metropolitan region, which takes place simultaneously the realization of RECBEAT, the carnival of Recife alternative youth. On Monday night, in Pátio do Terço, one of the most exciting manifestations of black culture in the northeast is held, the Night of the Silent Drums, punctually at midnight.

The Olinda Carnival boasts dozens of giant puppets, the most famous of which is O Homem da Meia-Noite (Midnight Man), which has been on the streets since 1932 and is responsible for officially starting Zé Pereira's zero hours on Saturday, for the Olinda Carnival. In addition to the traditional carnival blocks and strolls that run along its slopes, packed by the rhythm of the frevo. Examples of these are Pitombeira dos Quatro Cantos, founded in 1947, when a group of boys paraded through the streets of Cidade Alta singing and wielding branches of pitombeira; and the "Elefante de Olinda", founded in 1952 by a group of boys from Cidade Alta, who during the Carnival took to the streets with a porcelain elephant singing an improvised song in honor of the animal. The great concentration of these blocks and mounts takes place in front of the City Hall, where you can find the largest number of revelers per square meter.

Initially the symbolic opening of the Olinda carnival was done by the Cariri Olindense, when the Velho do Cariri, symbol of the block, leaves at 4:20 am on a donkey and goes down the slopes. It was like this until 1931, when some of its members founded O Homem da Meia Noite, which comes out at midnight on Zé Pereira's Saturday and King Momo's Sunday. Then, from 1932, O Homem da Meia-Noite opens Olinda's carnival. Years later the blocks were reconciled, and today the Man gives him the keys to the city after his parade. Among its attractions, it boasts dozens of giant dolls, the best known of which is The Midnight Man. In addition to the traditional blocks and streams that run along its slopes, packed by the rhythm of the frevo. Examples of these are Pitombeira dos Quatro Cantos, founded in 1947, when a group of boys paraded through the streets of Cidade Alta singing and wielding branches of pitombeira; and the "Elefante de Olinda", founded in 1952 by a group of boys from Cidade Alta, who during the Carnival took to the streets with a porcelain elephant singing an improvised song in honor of the animal. The great concentration of these blocks and mounts takes place in front of the City Hall, where you can find the largest number of revelers per square meter.

Bacalhau do Batata is a carnival block that leaves the hills of Olinda dragging a crowd of revelers on Ash Wednesday. The block, whose standard is cod, along with other culinary ingredients, was created by a waiter, called Batata, who worked throughout Carnival and could not play due to the job and so he created the block to leave on Wednesday ashes.

The tradition of Bacalhau do Batata originated in 1962, when the waiter Isaías Pereira da Silva (deceased in 1993), and nicknamed as Batata, organized on Wednesday Ash, a carnival block for those who, for working during the period of momescas parties , they stopped playing Carnival. [1]

The block is scheduled to leave at 9:30 am. The parade route follows tradition: Ladeira da Sé, Rua do Bonfim, Quatro Cantos, Ribeira, Varadouro, Largo do Amparo, with the return being made in the Carmo neighborhood. The party is on account of one of Olinda's best frevo orchestras and the illustrious presence of the giant doll that represents the late Batata , the waiter who idealized the block. Over the years, more groups and revelers joined and the carnival, officially ending at dawn from Tuesday to Wednesday, ended up being extended.

In 2007, the Imperatriz Leopoldinense samba school , in Rio de Janeiro, paid tribute to Bacalhau do Batata with a wing , also referring to its samba-plot: "And the Bacalhau do Batata in the pasta tray / Until the day clears ... "Waiter Isaías was the highlight, represented by Irênio Dias. In all, fourteen different costumes represented the Pernambuco block, and the School Composers Wing paraded dressed as a waiter

The Mixed Carnival Troça Cariri Olindense is a joke and a carnival frevo block from the city of Olinda. Its headquarters are in Praça Conselheiro Miguel Canuto, in the neighborhood of Guadalupe.

Founded on February 15, 1921, the mockery is the oldest carnival in Olinda. The mockery appeared in honor of an old peddler, who lived in the Sertão do Cariri and sold medicinal herbs in Recife, represented as an old man with long red beards and a leather hat. Since then, the Velho do Cariri, symbol of the block, leaves at 4 am riding a donkey up and down the slopes.

Cariri Olindense opens Olinda's carnival until today. The symbol of this association is the Velho do Cariri mounted on a "donkey" and the Chave, created by the founders of the mockery in 1921 by the tinker Augusto Canuto and which has been with the association until today.

The Clube Carnavalesco Misto Elefante de Olinda, known as Elefante de Olinda, is a carnival parade and frevo block from Olinda.

In 1950 at the Olinda Carnival, groups of young people, after drinking in several houses on Rua do Bonfim, stopped and one of them had the idea of taking a biscuit that decorated the refrigerator, in the shape of an elephant, and going out with him through the streets. They found Pitombeira dos Quatro Cantos along the way. The following year they went out into the streets again, wearing white and red Bonfim team shirts. Until this moment, there was no intention of creating a block. It was actually created on February 12, 1952.

His hymn, "Olinda nº 2", was composed by Claudio Nigro and Clóvis Pereira; is one of the most performed in the carnival of Pernambuco and is considered almost a hymn by Olinda. It was even offered to Pitombeira, who refused it. Three years later, when the block was created, it was offered to Elefante, which he accepted after Cláudio Nigro included the word "elephant".

The Carnival Club of Allegory and Criticism The Homem da Meia Noite is a carnival block, a joke and one of the oldest associations to circulate on the slopes of the Historic Site of Olinda, known for the giant doll of the Olinda Carnival.

The block's headquarters was at Rua do Amparo, nº 31. Currently it is located in front of the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos, in the Bonsucesso neighborhood, in the historic site of Olinda.

The block was created on February 2 , 1931 by the wall painter Luciano Anacleto de Queiroz; Benedito Bernardino da Silva; the carpenter Sebastião da Silva; Bookbinders Cosme José dos Santos and Heliodoro Pereira da Silva, and shoemaker Manoel Joaquim dos Santos (Neco Monstro). His hymn, both lyrics and music, were written by master Bernardino da Silva. It emerged as a dissent from the Mixed Carnival Trojan Cariri Olindense for not participating in the official list of the Cariri board. To displace Cariri, who until then had opened Olinda's carnival, the Man left at midnight on Zé Pereira's Saturday and King Momo's Sunday. Since then, the block has opened Olinda's carnival, and having reconciled with Cariri Olindense, he gives him the keys to the city after his parade hours later.

In 1931 and 1932 the mockery did not have allegories, only its banner, embroidered with a clock striking twelve, and the giant doll. He paraded without interruption until 1949, but mainly due to financial problems he did not paraded from 1950 to 1953, returning in 1954 with the allocation of resources from the city hall.

Homem da Meia Noite has been a Living Heritage of Pernambuco since 2006. The Calunga d'O Homem da Meia-Noite is one of Olinda's oldest dolls. It was created by Benedito Bernardino da silva, cabinetmaker and carver and wall painter Luciano Anacleto de Queiroz. It is said that Luciano, a lover of the seventh art, went to the cinema to watch the movie “The thief of midnight”, which tells the story of a class thief, who left a clock always at midnight, every day from a different place, causing panic in the city. Impressed by the character of the film, Anacleto decided to honor him by creating Homem da Meia Noite. He has a smile with a gold tooth, he wears a green suit or a white suit and a white top hat. He carries a watch on his arm that always marks the time of midnight. It weighs almost 50 kilos, with 3.50 m in height.

The Midnight Man is a kind of doll, a mystical character from candomblé, present in the maracatu nation or in the thump.

During 57, Midnight man was charged by the same person, the Cidinho puppeteer, which bear the weight of about 50 kilograms and the the heat inside the giant machine, in which the temperature is beyond 40 ° C. Since 1989, this position has been assumed by Pedro Garrido.

Over time, other dolls associated with the Midnight Man were created.

The Woman of the Day appeared in 1967 to keep him company, but as Momo's Sunday day parade, she never finds him unless all the dolls go out together. Created by artisan Julião das Máscaras at the request of Rodolfo Medeiros and Luiz José dos Santos, inspired by Monalisa , she has long black hair, a smile with golden teeth and dresses in yellow and blue colors, in honor of Iemanjá and Oxum. Midnight Man and Woman of the Day marry "officially" in a ceremony in 1990.

From his "wedding" also appeared in 1974 O Menino da Tarde. It was also created by Julião das Máscaras, at the request of Ernane Lopes and Odival Olbino , even though he is already dressed as an adult.

Later in 1977 appeared A Menina da Tarde. Made by Sílvio Botelho at the suggestion of Dalma Soares, it is a very vain doll that always goes out at the carnival with a new outfit.

Artists

Luiz Gonzaga, Lenine, Novelli, Michael Sullivan , Rildo Hora, Jorge de Altinho, Petrúcio Amorim, Bezerra da Silva, Arnaud Rodrigues, Dominguinhos, José Paes de Lira, Marinês , Chico Science, Ovelha, Otto, Orlando Dias, Reginaldo Rossi, Clarice Falcão, Nando Cordel, Antônio Nóbrega, Daniel Bueno, Reginho , Caju & Castanha, Roberto Barradas, Geraldo Azevedo, Johnny Hooker , Fabíola Ribeiro, Claudionor Germano, Cynthia Zamorano, Ortinho, Chiquinha Gonzaga, Pamela, Zeh Rocha, Zenilton , Augusto Calheiros, Manezinho Araújo, Leonardo Sullivan , Edson Wander, Paulo Molin , Paulo Diniz, Almira Castilho, Eduardo Conde, Luiz Vieira, Fred Zero Quatro, Lia de Itamaracá, José Rico, Marco Polo Guimarães, Luiz Carlos Magno, Adilson Silva, André Rio, Marcílio Lisbon, Jacinto Silva, Luís Bandeira. Excerpt: Luiz Gonzaga do Nascimento (Exu, December 13, 1912 - Recife, August 2 , 1989) was a popular Brazilian composer, known as the Rei do Baião. He was one of the most complete and inventive figures in Brazilian popular music. Singing accompanied by his accordion, zabumba and triangle, he took the joy of the June festivities and the forrós pé-de-serra, as well as the poverty, sadness and injustice of his arid land, the northeastern hinterland, to the rest of the country, at a time when most people were unaware of baião, xote and xaxado. Admired by great musicians, such as Dorival Caymmi, Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso, among others, the brilliant instrumentalist and sophisticated inventor of melody and harmonies, gained notoriety with the anthological songs Baião (1946), Asa Branca (1947), Seridó (1948) , Juazeiro (1948), Qui Nem Giló (1949) and Baião de Dois (1950) He was born on the Caiçara farm, at the foot of the Serra de Araripe, in the rural area of Exu, in the hinterland of Pernambuco. The place would be revived years later in "Pé de Serra", one of his first compositions. Her father, Januário, worked in the fields, in a large estate, and in his spare time he played the accordion.

Alceu Paiva Valença was born in São Bento do Una, July 1 , 1946) is a Brazilian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist and lawyer. His debut album was recorded in partnership with Geraldo Azevedo.

He was born in the interior of Pernambuco, on the edge of the wild with the hinterland. Influenced by maracatus, coconuts and viola strings, Alceu managed to use the guitar with electric bass and, later, with the electronic synthesizer in his songs.

Alceu Paiva Valença was born in São Bento do Una, in the countryside of Pernambuco, on July 1, 1946. Alceu's involvement with music begins in childhood, through the fair singers of his hometown. Jackson do Pandeiro, Luiz Gonzaga and Marines, three of the main radiators of northeastern musical culture, were captured by him. At home, the training was up to his grandfather, Orestes Alves Valença, who was a poet and guitar player. At 10 he goes to Recife, where he keeps in touch with urban culture and listens to the music of Orlando Silva and Dalva de Oliveira, alternating with the rhythm of Little Richard, Ray Charles and other icons of the so-called first generation of rock and roll .

Recently graduated in Law in Recife, in 1969, he gives up the career of lawyer and journalist - worked as a correspondent for Jornal do Brasil - and decides to invest in music.

In 1971, he went to Rio de Janeiro with his friend and supporter Geraldo Azevedo. He begins to participate in university festivals, such as TV Tupi with the Planetary band. Nothing happens. No rating, as the event's orchestra was unable to play the arrangement of the song.

In 1980, he released the LP Coração Bobo ( Ariola ), whose music of the same name is a hit on radio stations across the country, revealing the name of Alceu Valença to the general public. It is presented in several Brazilian states.

In 1996, alongside Geraldo Azevedo, Zé Ramalho and Elba Ramalho participated in the series of shows O Grande Encontro, which toured several Brazilian cities and recorded by the BMG label on the album of the same name.

In July 2000, he participates in the night "Pernambuco in song: carnaval de Olinda", at the Montreux Festival (Switzerland), alongside Elba Ramalho, Geraldo Azevedo, Naná Vasconcelos and Moraes Moreira.

Alceu Valença in 2006

In May 2003, he recorded a new project live in Rio de Janeiro ( Indie Records), bringing together several hits on an album and, for the first time, on DVD. In July, he was awarded the Tim Award for Brazilian Music in the "Best regional singer" category, for the album De Janeiro a Janeiro, in a ceremony held at the Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro. In that month the album Live in all directions arrives in stores. In August the DVD of the same project is released.

In March 2004, he married the lawyer Rio de Janeiro Yanê Montenegro, in Olinda.

In 2009, he worked on his film Cordel Virtual (the Luneta do Tempo), a musical that does not follow the line of any traditional musical. Basically, it is a dive that you make in your childhood, in your past and this has the soundtrack of the streets of the Northeast, of anonymous singers, conquests, violists, emboladores, blind heralds of fair, of the music of Luiz Gonzaga and Jackson do Pandeiro , from the 50s samba-song, from contemporary Brazilian music.

In 2014, the album Amigo da Arte was nominated for the Latin Grammy for Best Album of Regional Music or Brazilian Roots . In 2015, he won the 26th Brazilian Music Award in the Best Regional Singer category.

Alceu Valença in Serra Talhada in 2011

In January 2015, Alceu launched a poetry book by Chiado Books. The work O Poeta da Madrugada, as the journalist and writer José Eduardo Agua lusa wrote in the preface , has verses that already bring the music, an internal melody that remains in us, that continues to reverberate in us, even after we leave them .

In 2016, during his show at the carnival in Recife at dawn from 9 to 10 February, a milestone expected annually by Pernambuco and tourists, he invites everyone to participate in the launch of his film to take place on March 24th. The invitation, made with the costume of the film used by him and the band, would be disseminated word-of-mouth by all who watched the show at ground zero and on the internet.

A show called Ocupação Alceu Valença, organized by Instituto Itaú Cultural in São Paulo from December 2019 to February 2020, presents audiovisuals with the trajectory of the 73-year-old artist since his childhood in São Bento do Una. It served as the basis for composing the exhibition, the feature film A Luneta do Tempo, a musical directed and directed by Alceu, which won as the best musical score at the Gramado Festival in 2014. The show goes through the influences of circus and cinema in artist's career.

I want to thank all my illustrious and dear friends for this finished and written work by me that will serve as cultural support for everyone in the corner of the letters to give their comment and will serve as work for all my dear and illustrious friends as a writer I have the honor of expressing myself and talking a little about me and my work that when I started my writing career in Vitoria de Santo Antão and continued here in Olinda as a visionary I simply owe my whole history a lot first to our Northeastern people who always expired me with his culture in which I see both in music and in national films in which we specify and we have a great passion for our stories about the Brazilian Northeast that stand out among several Northeastern figures who philosophically show us in their musical songs and films a grammar that teaches us to know its literary effects that clearly i can tell how much smile and cried with different dimensions that and it taught me to know the origin of our people among perhaps the pain of suffering that expands on the national poverty that can be even our wealth because I believe that they support and secure this country due to the captive and severe and confident love of this people that maybe I can't have a good life but I tell you that we were taught to harvest and build the best stories in the arts that today are made by great artists from the Globo network in Rio de Janeiro, which are world highlights with several songs and films that have always contributed to improve and show our country, origins and how rich we are due perhaps to a simple more bodybuilding dynamic of seeing and seeing life and I want to make it clear that our capabilities are examples of diverse citizenships that simply because of a psychological factor that makes and generates a more specific philosophy about such events that took place about wars, presidential constructions, love as light and way among many who react on life and respect with h onestity humanity still in a time that shows us a catastrophic way about our power and superlative capacities to build the world and for everyone this is called art in Portuguese as a physical effect on society that is like a bad reaction, act happened and vice verse and may god enlighten everyone. For me that I simply describe literally as art that I translate literally narrating as stories in which I simplify my philosophy as an artist in this theory I am a writer and my name is Roberto Barros and I love my life that I knew national and American cinema since my adolescence to this day in which I live a creative and visionary character who put all my theory in a metaphysics of narrating various stories such as short stories, chronicles, thoughts, poetry, verses that I have always dedicated my heart to my art of writing good stories that was when I joined to the site called Recanto das Letras which is a very good site for many people who want to leave their best memories and I want to make it very clear that my best intuitions were several national singers who gave me a musical relationship as to national rock, MPB de different places in our country where I always loved the northeastern culture and the national rock cultural movement that I learned playing and singing and I really like the musical philosophy that always shows us criticisms, philosophies and ballads that impel us to build great tales that were kept in the memory of all of us in which I put all my philosophy on a musical study both foreign and Brazilian and narrative several cinema stories that in the future I can make a good movie with a true script in which I describe philosophically everything I see and feel about me as an ark of dreams called culture that simply has no mystery but a literature that marked a time in that I am what I do and what I dreamed. Thank you all heartily!

By: Roberto Barros

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