THE RELATIVITIES OF MOLECULES ON THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISM

I mean that we live in a body that can be divided from an atom into several relationships that we could classify by studying cells and atoms a great variety of atomic elements that can be defined in a great property of certain functions that are related to the great organic development by the cells that constitute the human organism among its most functional relationships of the spirit such as nuclear chemistry that starts to exercise a great behavior among the functions of the organism that exerts great loads of protons and electrons that vivifies each atom in a smaller fraction of an element that supposedly alters and indivisible momentum and short space enters in a great combination as the space that transforms and is destroyed giving way to life as a centrifuge and electrons exit in a variety and combination between thecells and molecules that show themselves as a chemical electricity that passes from the spirit to the matter giving chemical processes and vitalizing the organism in a rectilinear movement for all organs and organic system that we can study these theoretical functions as a physics of thinking and building as a electronic device that in its functions we could observe in each material element of a computer a great relationship with the motherboard that contains the central processing unit as well as the HD that is the data storage device and the processor that is the integrated circuit capable of processing the functioning of data in terms of memory, which is where the operating systems that look like the organism are stored, and we can classify a great virtue among the human body that is conserved over various processesabout various chemical functions that are transformed into an atomic body called an atom in which we must preserve the most finite nature of the cells and I want you to study well the molecules that particularly have beautiful constructions on the atoms in which we must deeply study their development and cells in the functioning of the organism that with beautiful studies and thoughts we will be able to create a cell of ions as a pump in which external energy will emanate from the organism that can be generalized more opponent about such functions and chemical pulsations from the spirit to the matter and thus we will be able to better predict the diseases on each atom of protons and neutrons in which we can develop bioelectrical energy organic function and I want everyone to research the biochemical reactions of relativities and organic functions and thank you very much and stay with a study ofalchemy relativities and hugs!

THE RELATIVITIES OF INVISIBLE ALCHEMY

Ladies and gentlemen, I come here with an introduction to tell you about my imaginations that I explain to you as a study of an alchemy that I studied and dream of being more generalized to infinity itself or homogenized to the universe that I tell you that scientific magic exists as well as it makes magic in a sense of reaching the eternity that we never imagined by existing and being on the invisible of things that can become visible about an extensive desire to subsist behind life becoming more clairvoyant all the transformations in which God may have passed and transformed the very origin of life and when we talk about transmutation in relativity it would be general because we would be entering an alchemical process of a more indivisible variety as perhaps a step on god who is omnipotent and has no beginning or end almost as the universe that isinfinite about omnipresent things as the man who can understand every detail narrated in this story that things are born from the invisible to the naked eye when there is a general understanding about the relativities of life in which life and death are distinguished on a relativity in which man can create and give his life on certain matters remaining as a study for the future of humanity on the scientific criteria that are peacefully based on the laws of God as a study of divine omnipotence on the relativities of alchemy or the alchemy of relativities as a dream and fable that we will be able to value the existence of life over death and death over life for being more alive over all human relationships of man on earth.

I want to talk a little bit about the atomists of ancient Greece who classified matter as the elements of nature that like: fire, water, earth and air that mixed in different proportions, would result in different physicochemical properties like Aristotle's theory that shows this composition between the human body in which we call matter and that we will be able to transmute certain substances of the invisible that will go through an alchemical process to become matter that we call the natural plane in which we will be able to transmute from the spiritual side to the material state.

Atomists in Ancient Greece

The atomists, led by Democritus and his teacher Leucippus, thought that matter was made up of tiny, invisible particles, atoms (A-tom), "Without division". They thought that if we divided and divided again, sometime the process would stop.

For Democritus, the great variety of materials in nature came from the movements of different types of atoms that, when colliding, formed larger sets, generating different bodies with their own characteristics. Some ideas of Democritus about atoms:

Water: formed by slightly spherical atoms (water flows easily).

Earth: formed by cubic atoms (the earth is stable and solid)

Air: formed by atoms in swirling motion (air moves - winds).

Fire: formed by sharp atoms (fire hurts).

Soul: formed by the smoothest, most delicate and most active atoms that exist.

Breathing: It was considered atom exchange, in which new atoms replace used atoms.

Democritus' foundations for atoms took shape over time. Epicurus (341 BC - approximately 270 BC) complemented his ideas by suggesting that there would be a limit to the size of atoms, thus justifying the reason for being invisible.

But even so, the most defended theory was that of Aristotle who believed that matter would be made up of elements of nature such as fire, water, earth and air that mixed in different proportions would result in different physicochemical properties.

In my view, it is based on the criteria of life in which biology is classified into five kingdoms or even more because nature is a set of lives in which we can classify here all the kingdoms to have a logic and a transformation of life over life. death and death over life that in everything and with everything in the invisible alchemy we will be able to show as the essence of life the mineral, vegetable,animal and soul that we will be able to transcribe the quintessence of life over an invisible world of transformation and transmutation in which the relativity of alchemy begins with the realms in which we will be able to transmute and make alive both gross and dense matters that are dense and subtle that are processed through the soul that are invisible and pass through the realm of the soul as a quit essence turning in the fifth pleasure in which we materialize as an atom in the smallest fraction of a substantial element the life in which we will be able to make an invisible alchemy that will undergo a process of transformation between the body, spirit and soul to create itself from a substance,image both natural mentalized by the mental consciousness to the subconscious state of the human mind that will be transformed to the natural state of matter being both liquid and solid that we can classify some existence transformed into life by the invisible alchemy in which we call the fifth essence.

Living World: Presentation of the Realms

The modern classification system, which distributes living beings into five major kingdoms — Monera, Protista, Fungi, Metaphyta, and Metazoa —, was devised by RH Whittaker in 1969. Thus, the known species of living beings are distributed in specific kingdoms, according to certain classification criteria.

The basic classification criteria

For the classification of living beings in the five great kingdoms, the following criteria were used:

type of cellular organization — defines whether living beings are prokaryotes or eukaryotes, that is, if they lack or possess a nuclear membrane, nucleolus and membranous organelles in their cells;

number of cells — considers whether living beings are unicellular or multicellular;

type of nutrition — indicates whether organisms are autotrophs or heterotrophs; this criterion also considers the way in which heterotrophs obtain their food: whether by absorption or by ingestion of available organic material.

The five great kingdoms

According to the establishment of the aforementioned classification criteria, the living world was divided into the following realms:

Kingdom Monera — Encompasses all unicellular and prokaryotic organisms, represented by bacteria and cyanobacteria or cyanophytes, also known as blue algae.

Kingdom Protista — Comprises unicellular organisms and eukaryotes, such as protozoans and certain algae.

Kingdom Fungi — Comprises all fungi, which can be unicellular or multicellular and are eukaryotic organisms and heterotrophs by absorption.

Kingdom Plantae or Metaphyta — Includes multicellular organisms, eukaryotes, and autotrophs. This kingdom, also known as the plant kingdom, includes multicellular algae, bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), pteridophytes (such as ferns and maidens), ginnosperms (such as pines and sequoias) and angiosperms ( ipês, lemon trees, beans, grass, etc).

Kingdom Animalia or Metazoa — Comprises multicellular organisms, eukaryotes and heterotrophs by ingestion. This kingdom encompasses all animals, from porifera to mammals.

Here I leave a great explanation about the beautiful images that pass from a flow of our minds in which we create well by a circumstance of our subconscious and we will be able by the alchemy of creation to transmute to give life as a fifth pleasure that we call the fifth essence of life that we will know about this with an atomic study of the atom on life in which we classify as relativities of life on a great and alchemical transformation between the natural elements that became liquid and solid substances on life in a study well focused on alchemy and chemistry on which we build life.

I want to enter a more qualified state in which life is formed by an atom in which its particles constitute life and all the natural elements that pass between the atomic forces of the universe in which we can simplify the search for existence and for life simply using each atom of protein, of vitamin in transmutation, the most variable liquid and solid atomic constructions in subsistence of life in which we are now going to show about the superlative atom to all creations:

ATOM

The word atom was proposed by the Greek atomist Democritus in 400 BC, to define the smallest constituent particle of matter. However, it is known nowadays that atoms are divisible, but the word continues to be used to designate an organized, very small structure that composes all types of materials.

The classical atomic model is constituted by the sum of the scientists' ideas

Rutherford, Bohr, and Chadwick, ideas we will study in our next class. This consists of a small and heavy central nucleus where two elementary particles called protons and neutrons are contained, and a peripheral portion called the electrosphere, where electrons are small fundamental particles that orbit around the nucleus. See the figure below.

Through the figure it can be seen that the radius of the nucleus is much smaller than the total radius of the atom, in real dimensions the radius of the atom is about 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than the radius of the atomic nucleus.

The fundamental particles of the atom, called protons, electrons and neutrons are very small but different in mass. The mass of the proton is very close to the mass of the neutron, the mass of the electron being approximately 1836 times less than that of the proton.

Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge.

Neutrons, on the other hand, have no electrical charge.

The fundamental physical characteristics of these particles are given below in relative values.

II. Fundamental Concepts.

Atom: extremely small and organized structure that makes up all kinds of materials

Atomic number: is represented by the symbol Z and determines the total number of protons Existing in the nucleus of an atom. Remember that the atom is an electrically

Neutral, so the number of protons and electrons are identical for a given atom.

Z = number of protons

Atomic Mass Number: As we already know, the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. Thus, the atomic mass number (A) is given by the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of that atom, as shown in the formula:

A = p + n or A = Z + n

Chemical element: corresponds to a set of atoms with the same number of protons (atomic number). In nature we can find atoms with different atomic mass numbers, but with the same number of protons, these atoms are called ISOTOPES and constitute a chemical element.

Example:

1h3

1H2 1H3 These atoms have different masses, but they belong to the

hydrogen element.

The hydrogen isotopes represented above can be called by: tritium, deuterium and protium, respectively.

Representing a chemical element:

ZEA or Z

An element that has 17 protons and 18 neutrons is represented as follows:

17E35

Isotopy – Isobaria – Isotony

In nature we can find elements or chemical species that have the same number of protons (isotopes), or with the same mass number (isobars), or with the same number of neutrons (isotones). Look at the schematic table:

ELEMENT Z = (no. of p+) A (no.P + no.N) N (A - Z)

Isotopy = ¹ ¹

isobaria ¹ = ¹

Isotony ¹ ¹ =

Examples:

58Ce140

59Pr140 isobars

19K39

20Ca40 isotopes

8016

8O17 isotopes

allotropy

Different simple substances that are formed by the same chemical element are defined as allotropic varieties. Always one of the allotropic varieties is the most stable and abundant in nature. The main examples are:

Cdiamante, Cgraphite* and C60(fullerene)

O2* and O3

Pwhite and Pred *

Srombic* and Smonoclinic

* more stable allotropic form.

III - Ions.

They are atoms in electrical imbalance, that is, atoms that have gained or lost

electrons.

Examples:

12Mg0 2e- + 12Ca2+ (note that the magnesium atom loses two electrons)

The magnesium atom has 12 protons and 12 electrons.

The magnesium ion has 12 protons and 10 electrons, so its charge is 2+.

7N0 + 3e-7N3- (Note that the nitrogen atom gains 3 electrons)

The nitrogen atom has 7 protons and 7 electrons.

The nitrogen ion has 7 protons and 10 electrons, so its charge is 3.

In my philosophy, everything that God creates with love is built with a feeling about the living nature of a being who would be more willing to understand him because everything in him is clearer like the sunlight that is showing us on the bright side of the world. life the beautiful things that we cling to that we just don't touch because it's made of love that's about any void that breaks about the human inability to be happy or love someone in life who's just not being enlightened before God because they are relapses of nature divine that one cannot resemble the true being that God made him and created over all things in paradise that we could not deceive him with the negative uncertainties that insolate life before the soft light of God that is over all things deep and at altitudes that we may someday understand their space and time overour realities that are not so extensive when there is no light from our stimuli that are over any feelings elevated to life that we could not have understood their love and existence in our lives because in everything God made, created the paradise of the bankrupt and constrained who perverted of the bad about the truth that cannot remain silent,invisible over everything that god created on earth of obstinate and uncertain men of controversial sympathies over an unfaithful desire that perhaps a child would bring humanely this love for being more alive over the electricity that consoles our thoughts and makes us believe that the world is perfect and that we can still be happy and that maybe we will remain constructively intact on the pretexts of God who made us enlightened by the fury of the teaching love that loves us and makes us love what is good to see and feel pleasure because life would simply be a resonance box in which its rhythm can melody us about all the positive forms and forces of life that never bend over the shadows that break behind the light of day trying to forget the fear of darkness that ravages the innocents who are yet to know the world as it isbeautiful and perfect because god made you in all aspects that were not destroyed and may it be well the truth of the loves that were not absorbed by god or that any anonymity that could have been prescribed by the word of god as they say angels are more cautious of staying alive and innate by transforming the existence of god upon mortals who are consumed by madness, farce,emotional illusion that will wrath the minds of men who have not yet understood to simplify their love for life how to love god above all things that are inevitable and together we will always be able to unite because it was god who made you and the stars in the sky as perhaps one It will be that someday we can thank you and ask you for a favor to be faithful to you like a straight arrow without deviation that cannot be from our nature unsatisfactory to the world that can become an illusion to the weakest without love who maybe can feel that were made from the flower of paradise that we will never forget to find what we are looking for because we simply learn to love and hate to consolidate ourselves on all aspects of being happy for many years to keep life pulsating and creating certain artifices that someday we will understand its pleasures and everything that god created becausewe are children of God and we experience the light of life in our eyes and faces that show us how beautiful we are and we become strengthened in our memory that we witness our love for life as we pacify in the material planes the seeds that we simply keep in the soul of our thoughts that is completed on the forms and conquests that we reach in life as a state of time in occasion of graces that we learn to value the life that plagues us with the foolishness of youth and let us see that everything that God created would be perfect because we are likeness of God and in my philosophy I simply want to say that if it was God who made us, we are innate or homogeneous that through the anonymity of hidden affections we could complete ourselves about his love that made us because we would not be alive to be happy about some inferior indifference of his naturelet it remain for how long without unfavorable expression to the only affection that made us greater than everything we are likeness of love that we may not be able to say from the inside out in a few more that it is simplified in the divine theory that everything God created was with love and let us learn with life less or more with its artifacts valuing what god made because we wouldn't be so small and big in the hand of god who has completed us about his image and love that can never be small about all the hidden affections that derail pure realistic compassion to live, love and be happy because in a few years or maybe millennia from the depths of our souls that one day we will find ourselves free from hell in paradise.

By: Roberto Barros

THE ALCHEMY OF LIFE'S RELATIVITY

The origin of alchemy is lost in time, being older than the history of mankind. Its true beginnings are unknown and shrouded in obscurity and mystery. Thus, its emergence is confused with the origin and evolution of man on Earth. The origin of alchemy is quite uncertain, as there are alchemical reports in several ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Persians, Mesopotamians, Hindus, Chinese and Japanese. However, it is generally considered that its beginning took place around the 3rd century BC, in Alexandria.

When we speak of transmutation in relativity it would be general because we would be entering an alchemical process of a more indivisible variety as perhaps a step over god who is omnipotent and has no beginning or end almost as the universe which is infinite over omnipresent things as man who can understand every detail narrated in this story that things are born from the invisible to the naked eye when there is a general understanding of the relativities of life in which life and death are distinguished on a relativity in which man can create and give life over certain subjects being as a study for the future of humanity on the scientific criteria that are peacefully based on the laws of god as a study of divine omnipotence on the relativities of alchemy or the alchemy of relativities as a dream and fable thatwe will be able to value the existence of life over death and death over life for being more alive over all the human relationships of man on earth.

By: Roberto Barros

CELLS

Cells are the structural and functional units that make up all living things. The only living things that do not have cells are viruses.

All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material.

Cells are the structural and functional units of living beings. All living things are made up of cells, with the exception of viruses, which are acellular organisms. Some organisms are formed by a single cell (unicellular beings), others, in turn, are formed by several cells (multicellular beings).

Cells perform different functions and have some basic parts: plasma membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material, which may or may not be delimited by a nuclear envelope. Cells can be classified into two major groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Humans have eukaryotic-like cells.

Read more: Meiosis and Mitosis – Two Cell Reproduction Processes

Cell summary

Cell is the structural and functional unit of living beings.

Viruses are acellular organisms.

There are different types of cells, which perform different functions.

All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material.

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells can be divided into plant and animal cells.

Plant cells have a cell wall, central vacuole and plastids, structures absent in animal cells.

What are cells?

Cells are the structural and functional units of living beings. They are called structural units because they form the body of living beings. Imagine, for example, a large wall. This wall is formed by small structures, the bricks. Each brick would be a cell, which, together with the others, helps to form a multicellular organism (a living being formed by more than one cell).

Also, in unicellular organisms, the cell represents the entire organism. In addition to being structural, they are functional units of living beings, and are so called because they are living units, capable of producing energy and reproducing, for example.

The term cell was coined in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Cell comes from the Latin, cellula, which means “small cell”. Hooke proposed this term, as he observed a cut of cork under a microscope and found only dead cells. Therefore, he only verified the presence of the cell wall of these structures and, therefore, found such a cell-like structure.

Where do we find the cells?

All living things are made up of cells, with the exception of viruses. They are found forming the bodies of organisms. Some living beings, such as bacteria and protozoa, have a body formed by only a single cell. Other organisms, however, are multicellular, being made up of several cells. In some multicellular organisms, cells are grouped into tissues, which constitute organs, which are grouped into systems.

What are the functions of cells?

There are different cell types, and each performs a different function.

There are different types of cells, each adapted to a certain function. As mentioned, in some organisms, such as protozoa and bacteria, cells represent the entire living being, since these beings are unicellular. In this case, they perform all the functions responsible for their survival.

In multicellular organisms, in turn, there are specialized cells that play different roles. Leukocytes, for example, are cells found in our body that act to protect the body against disease-causing agents. Neurons are cells that act ensuring the propagation of the nerve impulse. The red blood cells, in turn, ensure the transport of oxygen throughout the body.

Read more: Stem cells – are able to transform into any cell and a hope for medicine

Basic parts of a cell

Cells are small but very complex structures. In general, we can say that all cells have three basic components: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm and the genetic material.

Plasma membrane: it is a structure formed by a bilayer of lipid molecules with several proteins inserted. It surrounds the entire cell, separating and protecting all its components from the external environment. The membrane has the ability to select what enters and leaves the cell. Due to this function, we say that it has selective permeability.

Cytoplasm: in prokaryotic cells, corresponds to the entire inner region of the cell. In eukaryotic cells, in turn, the cytoplasm corresponds to the region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and is the place where cytoplasmic organelles are present. In it, several important chemical reactions take place in eukaryotic cells.

Genetic material: contains the information that determines the characteristics of a living being. In eukaryotic cells, most of the genetic material is contained in the nucleus, which is surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope. In prokaryotic cells, in turn, there is no nuclear envelope delimiting the genetic material.

Also read: DNA – responsible for transmitting all genetic information to daughter cells

Cell classification

Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells.

Cells can be classified into two basic groups: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by not having a defined nucleus. In these cells, the genetic material is not bounded by a nuclear envelope. In addition, in prokaryotic cells, there is no presence of membranous organelles (small structures present in the cytoplasm that perform different functions within the cell, such as intracellular digestion and energy production). Ribosomes, structures responsible for protein synthesis, are present. As an example of organisms that have prokaryotic cells, we have bacteria and cyanobacteria.

eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells are those that have a true nucleus, with the genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope. In these cells are also observed the membranous organelles, such as mitochondria, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. As in prokaryotic cells, the presence of ribosomes is observed. Examples of organisms that have eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, protozoa, algae and fungi.

Eukaryotic cells can be grouped into two types: plant cells and animal cells. Plant cells differ from animal cells due to the presence of three structures: cell wall, central vacuole and plastids.

The cell wall of plant cells is composed mainly of cellulose and is located outside the plasma membrane. The cell wall confers greater resistance to the plant cell. The central vacuole is an organelle that has different functions, such as ensuring the maintenance of cell pH and storing substances. Finally, we have the plastids, the best known type being the chloroplast, which is related to photosynthesis.

Video lesson on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

By Vanessa Sardinha dos Santos

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

What is molecule?

Carolina Batista Carolina Batista Chemistry Teacher

A molecule is a set of atoms, the same or different, joined by covalent bonds.

These chemical species are electrically neutral and represent the forming unit of a substance.

There are simple molecules such as oxygen (O2) in the air we breathe. However, there are also complex compounds, such as buckyballs (60 carbon atoms bound together in a sphere shape), which are the largest molecules ever found in space.

Study of the molecule

Covalent bonding in a molecule corresponds to the sharing of electrons, usually between non-metallic elements.

Look at the water molecule as an example of a simple compound.

water molecules

Water molecules (H2O)

When we look at a glass of water, we have no idea that this substance is formed by several molecules of H2O. This formula indicates that water is made up of 3 atoms: two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, which are sharing electrons with each other.

Sugar, which we use to sweeten juices and make cakes, is also made up of molecules. The unit that forms sugar is sucrose.

sucrose molecule

Sucrose molecule (C12H22O11)

This molecule is much more complex, as there are 45 atoms bonded together. It is made up of: 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms.

Molecules are structures of known molecular mass, but there are also macromolecules, which are "giant structures" formed by so many atoms that their composition is undefined. An example of this type is diamond, a macromolecule formed by numerous carbon atoms in a covalent network.

See also: Simple and compound substances

Covalent bond

A covalent chemical bond is established between two atoms when they share their outermost (valence) electrons. Molecules can have two types of bonds:

Molecular Covalent Bonding: Sharing the electron pair of the two bonding atoms.

Covalent bond in the chlorine molecule (Cl2)

Coordinated (dative) covalent bonding: the shared electrons come from only one of the atoms involved.

Coordinated covalent bond in ammonium (NH4)